medieval-atlas/events-from-about-850-to-1460/139

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The civil wars 1639 to 1651 When war broke out again in 1640, Charles's planswere similar to those ofthepreviousyear, but the idea of alanding on the shores of theFirth ofForth was abandoned; and it was realised that there was no longer much hope ofactive help from the royalists in the northeast. The covenanters again seized the initiative, sending forces to occupy Aberdeen and to march through the central and southern Highlands to deter potential royalists from action. Only four castles were held for the king, but all of them required formal sieges before being forced to surrender -and three of them did not surrender until after it was clear that theking'scause was lost. Asin 1639, the help expected from lreland did not appear (except for a small Royalist theory: Charles l's strategy ----~ Proposed royalist invasions and advances scale raid in Islay long after the war was over, undertaken more for clan than royalist motives), and the king failed to assemble an army capable of invading Scotland. The covenanters therefore resolved to force a military decision by invading England. Their invasion met with complete success, and the covenantersentered Newcastle after defeating the king's forces at the battle of Newburn. Charles was forced to open negotiationsand accepted the humiliating treaty of Ripon on 17 October, whereby he not only agreed that the Scots army would remain in England, but that he would pay it. The army eventually withdrew from England in August 1641, after a peace settlement had been negotiated in the treaty of London. [1] Main army to cross to the Border from England led by Lord Conway [2] New army raised in Ireland by the earl of Stratford (formerly Lord Wentworth) to land somewhere in south-west Scotland [3] Part of Stratford's Irish army to land in England to join in the main army's invasion of Scotland [4] Possible raids on Argyll by the earl of Antrim's men and anti-covenanter refugees from the Highlands [5] Anti-covenanter Highland clans to rise in arms Royalist practice • Places held for the king ----I.~ Movements of royalist forces (1) Raid by Alasdair MacColla on Islay, November 1640 Covenanters' response o Places held for the king but seized or occupied by the covenanters (with dates) ............, Movements of covenanting forces (A) Covenanting armies occupy Aberdeen, 5 May ~a!!!! (B) IMar9i ls of Argyll's Campbell forces march through areas shown thus -Atholl -to subdue or overawe royalist sympathisers / (C) Covenanting forces based in Aberdeen oveawe northeast royalists, making expedition to Bantf, AU9U%t to September ~~ (D) Main covenanting army invades England, o~

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