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[Photographs Inserted]
Peeblesshire 1
The Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monument of Scotland |
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These two volumes contain descriptions of
all the ancient monuments and historical
buildings in Peeblesshire from earliest
times to 1707, and of representative
examples of later buildings down to the
middle of the nineteenth century. A large
number of the prehistoric forts,
settlements and burial places, in which
the county is particularly rich, have been
discovered in the course of the survey, as
has the Roman fort at Easter Happrew. In
the architectural field detailed accounts
are provided of the two outstanding
buildings, Neidpath Castle and Traquair
House, while many of the other structures
- castles and tower-houses, churches,
country houses, roads and bridges, and
early industrial buildings - are adequately
described for the first time. The
relationship of the monuments to one
another and to the geographical,
historical and linguistic background is
discussed in an introduction, and the
whole is illustrated with a wealth of line
drawings, photographs and maps.
£10 : 10s
For the two volumes |
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[Note] OME |
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PEEBLESSHIRE |
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[Photograph inserted]
PLATE 1 MARBLE ROMAN HEAD, HAWKSHAW (p.35). |
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[Coat of Arms Inserted]
PEEBLESSHIRE
AN INVENTORY OF THE ANCIENT MONUMENTS
Volume 1
THE ROYAL COMMISSION ON THE
ANCIENT AND HISTORICAL MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND
1967 |
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©Crown copyright 1967
Printed in Scotland for Her Majesty's Stationery Office
Text by Aberdeen University Press Ltd., Aberdeen
Plates by Her Majesty's Stationery Office Press, Edinburgh
Wt 71441 K 10 |
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CONTENTS OF VOLUME 1
-- Page
Table of Figures -- vii
Table of Plates -- xiii
List of Commissioners -- xiv
Royal Warrant -- xv
Seventeenth Report -- xvii
List of Monuments which the Commissioners consider to be
most worthy of Preservation -- xxi
Register of Monuments by Parish -- xxv
Abbreviations used in the References -- xxxiii
Editorial Notes -- xxxv
Introduction -- I
Inventory of the Ancient and Historical Monuments
of Peeblesshire
Barrows, Cairns and Cairnfield -- 51
Burials and Cists -- 60
Cup-and-ring Markings -- 62
Standing Stones and Stone Circles --63
Enclosed Cremation Cemeteries -- 64
Ring Enclosures -- 66
Unenclosed Platform Settlements -- 70
Palisaded Works -- 74
Homesteads and Settlements with timber houses -- 82
Forts -- 101
Dun -- 157
-- v |
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CONTENTS OF VOLUME I
Scooped Homesteads and Scooped Settlements -- 158
Settlements with stone houses, and Field-systems -- 165
Pit Alignment -- 169
Roman Monuments -- 169
Dark Age Monuments -- 176
Cultivation Terraces -- 178
Miscellaneous Earthworks and Enclosures -- 181
-- vi |
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TABLE OF FIGURES
Fig. -- Title -- Page
1 -- Distribution map of Neolithic and Bronze Age monuments and
relics -- facing 16
2 -- Distribution map of Unenclosed Platform Settlements -- facing 22
3 -- Distribution map of Iron Age, Roman and Dark Age monuments
and relics -- facing 34
4 -- Distribution map of cultivation terraces in Scotland -- 38
5 -- Cairn, Drumelzier (No. 14) -- 53
6 -- Cairn, Harehope (No. 24) -- 54
7 -- Cairn and standing stones, Tweedsmuir (No. 63) -- 59
8 -- Stone circle, Harestanes (No. 107) -- 64
9 -- Stone circle, Nether Dod (No. 108) -- 64
10 -- Enclosed cremation cemetery, Weird Law I (No. 109) -- 65
11 -- Broughton Knowe I: A-C ring enclosures (No. 115); D barrow
(No. 4) -- 67
12 -- Unenclosed platform settlement, Brawn's Dod (No. 149) -- 70
13 -- Unenclosed platform settlement, Glenwhappen Rig (No. 150) -- 71
14 -- Palisaded settlement and settlement, Castle Hill, Horsburgh Castle
Farm (No. 195) -- 75
15 -- Palisaded settlement, Dead Side (No. 196) -- 75
16 -- Palisaded homestead, Glenachan Rig (No. 197) -- 76
17 -- Palisaded enclosure, Glenwhappen Rig (No. 198) -- 76
18 -- Palisaded settlements, Harehope (No. 199) -- 77
19 -- Palisaded settlement, settlement and enclosure, Hillside Knowe
(No. 200) -- 78
20 -- Palisaded enclosure (probable), Hogbridge (No. 201) -- 78
21 -- Palisaded homestead, Meldon Burn (No. 202) -- 79
22 -- Palisaded enclosure, Mitchelhill (No. 203) -- 79
23 -- Palisaded settlement, Nether Dod (No. 204) -- 79
24 -- Palisaded homestead, South Hill Head (No. 205) -- 80
25 -- Palisaded enclosure, Ven Law (No. 206) -- 80
26 -- Palisaded enclosure, White Hill (No. 207) -- 81
27 -- Palisaded homestead, White Knowe (No. 208) -- 82
28 -- Palisaded enclosure, Woolshears Wood (No. 209) -- 82
29 -- Settlements, scooped homesteads and enclosures, The Bank (No. 210) -- 83
30 -- Settlement and scooped homestead, Black Meldon (No. 211) -- 84
31 -- Settlement, Brownsland (No. 212) -- 84
32 -- Settlement, Cademuir Hill (No. 213) -- 84
33 -- Settlement, Caerlee (No. 214) -- 85
34 -- Settlement, Cardon (No. 215) -- 86
35 -- Settlement, Cavarra Hill (No. 216) -- 86
-- vii |
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TABLE OF FIGURES
36 -- Settlement (probable), Crookston (No. 217) -- 86
37 -- Settlement, Dreva Hill (No. 218) -- 86
38 -- Settlement, Drumelzier Ford (No. 219) -- 87
39 -- Settlement, Drum Maw (No. 220) -- 87
40 -- Homestead, Flemington Burn (No. 221) -- 87
41 -- Settlement, Glenrath 1 (No. 222) -- 88
42 -- Settlement, Glenrath 2 (No. 223) -- 88
43 -- Settlement, Goseland Hill (No. 224) -- 89
44 -- Homestead, Great Hill (No. 225) -- 89
45 -- Settlement (probable), Greenside Craig (No. 226) -- 89
46 -- Homestead, Hamildean (No. 227) -- 89
47 -- Settlement, Hartree Hills (No. 228) -- 90
48 -- Homestead, Hearthstane (No. 229) -- 90
49 -- Settlements, Hearthstane (No. 230) -- 90
50 -- Homestead, Hopekist Rig (No, 231) -- 91
51 -- Settlement, Hopeterrick Burn 1 (No. 232) -- 91
52 -- Settlement, Hopeterrick Burn 2 (No. 233) -- 92
53 -- Settlement, Kingledoors (No, 234) -- 92
54 -- Settlement, Lady Blair Plantation (No. 236) -- 92
55 -- Settlement, Laigh Hill (No. 237) -- 93
56 -- Settlement, Nether Stewarton (No. 238) -- 93
57 -- Settlement, Orchard Rig 1 (No. 239) -- 94
58 -- Settlement, Orchard Rig 2 (No. 240) -- 95
59 -- Settlement, Orchard Rig 3 (No. 241) -- 95
60 -- Settlement, Parkgatestone Hill (No. 242) -- 96
61 -- Settlement, Patervan (No. 243) -- 96
62 -- Settlement, Penveny (No. 244) -- 96
63 -- Settlement, Purvis Hill (No. 246) -- 97
64 -- Settlement and scooped homestead, Riding Hill (No. 247) -- 97
65 -- Homestead, Stanhope (No. 248) -- 97
66 -- Settlement, Stanhope (No. 249) -- 98
67 -- Settlements, Stirkfield (No. 250) -- 98
68 -- Settlement, Torbank Hill (No. 251) -- 99
69 -- Settlement, Torykneis (No. 252) -- 99
70 -- Settlement, Vane Law (No. 253) -- 99
71 -- Settlement, Ven Law 1 (No. 254) -- 99
72 -- Settlement, Ven Law 2 (No. 255) -- 100
73 -- Settlement, White Meldon (No. 256) -- 100
74 -- Settlement (probable), Wood Hill (No. 257) -- 100
75 -- Homestead, Worm Hill (No. 258) -- 100
76 -- Fort, Black Meldon (No. 259) -- 101
77 -- Fort and enclosure, Blyth Bank Hill (No. 260) -- 102
78 -- Fort, Blyth Hill (No. 261) -- 103
79 -- Fort, Bordlands Rings (No 262) -- 103
80 -- Fort, Cademuir Hill 1 (No. 263) -- 104
81 -- Fort, Cademuir Hill 2 (No. 264) -- 105
-- viii |
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TABLE OF FIGURES
82 -- Fort, Camp Law Plantation (No. 265) -- 106
83 -- Fort, Cardrona (No. 268) -- 107
84 -- Fort, Castlecraig (No. 269) -- 108
85 -- Fort and settlement, Charge Law Plantation (No. 270) -- 108
86 -- Fort and settlement, Chester Hill, Hundleshope (No. 271) -- 109
87 -- Fort, Chester Hill, Traquair (No. 272) -- 109
88 -- Fort and settlement, Chester Rig, Cardon (No. 273) -- 110
89 -- Fort, scooped settlement and settlement, Chester Rig, Glen (No. 274) -- 110
90 -- Fort, settlements and field-system, Dreva (No. 275) -- 112
91 -- Fort and settlements X and Y, Dreva (No. 275) -- 113
92 -- Settlement Z, Dreva (No. 275) -- 114
93 -- Fort and enclosures, Drochil Hill (No. 276) -- 114
94 -- Fort and settlement, Easter Dawyck (No. 277) -- 115
95 -- Fort, Easton Burn (No. 278) -- 116
96 -- Fort, Edston (No. 279) -- 116
97 -- Fort, Gallowberry Wood (No. 280) -- 117
98 -- Fort, Grieston Hill (No. 281) -- 117
99 -- Fort and settlement, Hallmanor (No. 282) -- 118
100 -- Fort, Hamildean Hill (No. 283) -- 119
101 -- Fort and settlement, Hammer Knowe (No. 284) -- 119
102 -- Fort, Harehope Rings (No. 285) -- 120
103 -- Fort and settlement, Helm End (No. 286) -- 121
104 -- Fort and enclosure, Henderland Hill (No. 287) -- 122
105 -- Fort, Henry's Brae (No. 288) -- 123
106 -- Fort, Hog Hill (No. 289) -- 124
107 -- Fort, Hunt Hill (No.291) -- 124
108 -- Fort, Janet's Brae 1 (No. 292) -- 125
109 -- Fort, Janet's Brae 2 (No. 293) -- 125
110 -- Fort, Kerr's Knowe (No. 294) -- 126
111 -- Fort, Kingledoors (No. 295) -- 126
112 -- Fort, Kittlegairy Burn (No. 297) -- 127
113 -- Fort, Knowe Kniffling (No. 298) -- 128
114 -- Fort, Ladyurd Rings (No. 299) -- 128
115 -- Fort and enclosure, Langlaw Hill (No. 300) -- 129
116 -- Fort, Lochurd (No. 301) -- 130
117 -- Fort, Manor Sware (No. 303) -- 131
118 -- Fort, Milkieston Hill (No. 304) -- 132
119 -- Linear earthworks, Milkieston Hill (No. 304) -- 133
120 -- Fort and settlement, Mitchelhill Rings (No. 305) -- 134
121 -- Fort, Morning Hill (No. 306) -- 134
122 -- Fort and scooped homesteads, Muirburn (No. 307) -- 135
123 -- Fort, Nether Oliver Craigs (No. 308) -- 136
124 -- Fort, Northshield Rings (No. 309) -- 136
125 -- Fort, Oliver (No. 310) -- 137
126 -- Fort, Pirn Wood (No. 311) -- 138
127 -- Fort, Quaw Plantation (No. 312) -- 139
-- ix |
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TABLE OF FIGURES
128 -- Fort, Rachan Hill (No. 313) -- 140
129 -- Fort, Ring Knowe (No. 314) -- 141
130 -- Fort, Rough Side (No. 315) -- 141
131 -- Fort, Smithfield (No. 317) -- 142
132 -- Fort, Stanhope (No. 318) -- 143
133 -- Fort, Syke Hill (No. 319) -- 143
134 -- Fort, Tinnis Castle (No. 320) -- 144
135 -- Fort, Tor Hill, Kailzie (No. 321) -- 144
136 -- Fort, Tor Hill, Torbank (No. 322) -- 145
137 -- Fort and enclosures, Upper Kidston (No. 323) -- 146
138 -- Fort, Waddenshope (No. 324) -- 147
139 -- Fort, West Bold (No. 325) -- 147
140 -- Fort, Wester Dawyck (No. 326) -- 148
141 -- Fort, settlement and enclosures, The Whaum (No. 328) -- 149
142 -- Fort, Whitelaw Rig (No. 329) -- 149
143 -- Fort, White Meldon (No. 330) -- 150
144 -- Fort and enclosure, Whiteside Hill (No. 331) -- 151
145 -- Fort and enclosure, Whiteside Rig (No. 332) -- 152-3
146 -- Fort and enclosure, Wood Hill (No. 333) -- 154
147 -- Fort, Woodhouse Hill (No. 334) -- 155
148 -- Fort and scooped homestead, Worm Hill (No. 335) -- 156
149 -- Fort, Wormiston Rings (No. 336) -- 156
150 -- Fort, Young Bush Wood (No. 337) -- 157
151 -- Dun, Stanhope (No. 338) -- 158
152 -- Scooped homestead, Cademuir Hill (No. 340) -- 159
153 -- Scooped homestead, Canada Hill (No. 341) -- 159
154 -- Scooped homestead, Clashpock Rig (No. 342) -- 159
155 -- Scooped homestead, Fairlaw Burn (No. 344) -- 160
156 -- Scooped homestead, Glenveg (No.345) -- 160
157 -- Scooped homestead, Hammer Knowe (No. 346) -- 160
158 -- Scooped homestead, Kirkton Burn (No. 348) -- 160
159 -- Scooped settlement, Kirkton Burn (No.349) -- 161
160 -- Scooped settlement, Langhaugh (No. 350) -- 161
161 -- Scooped homesteads, Middle Hope Rig (No. 351) -- 161
162 -- Scooped settlement, Mossfennan (No. 352) -- 162
163 -- Scooped homestead, Old Caberston (No. 353) -- 162
164 -- Scooped settlement, Old Caberston (No. 354) -- 162
165 -- Scooped homestead, Posso Craig (No. 355) -- 163
166 -- Scooped homestead, Purvis Hill (No. 356) -- 163
167 -- Scooped settlement (probable), Stanhope (No. 357) -- 163
168 -- Scooped settlement and enclosure, Stanhope Cottage (No. 358) -- 164
169 -- Scooped homestead, Wood Hill 1 (No. 360) -- 164
170 -- Scooped homestead, Wood Hill 2 (No. 361) -- 164
171 -- Scooped homestead, Wood Hill 3 (No. 362) -- 165
172 -- Scooped settlement, Woolshears Hill (No. 363) -- 165
173 -- Settlements and field-system, Glenrath Hope (No. 364) -- 166
-- x |
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TABLE OF FIGURES
174 -- Settlement A, Glenrath Hope (No. 364) -- 166
175 -- Settlement, Green Hill (No. 365) -- 167
176 -- Settlement, Hog's Knowe (No. 366) -- 168
177 -- Settlement, Meldon Burn (No. 367) -- 168
178 -- Field-system, Stan Hope (No. 368) -- 168
179 -- Settlement, Wood Hill (No. 369) -- 169
180 -- Pit alignment, Lyne (No. 370) -- 170
181 -- Roman fort, Easter Happrew (No. 371) -- 170
182 -- Roman temporary camp, Eshiels (No. 372) -- 171
183 -- Roman temporary camp, Innerleithen (No. 373) -- 172
184 -- General plan showing the Roman fort (A), fortlet (B), and temporary
camp (C) at Lyne (all No. 374), and the Roman fort (D) at Easter
Happrew (No. 371) -- 173
185 -- Roman fort, Lyne (No. 374) -- 174
186 -- Roman temporary camp, Lyne (No. 374) -- 175
187 -- Early Christian inscribed stone, Manor Water (No. 376) -- 176
188 -- Cross-shaft, Innerleithen Parish Church (No. 378) -- 177
189 -- Earthwork, Callands (No. 421) -- 182
190 -- Enclosure, Candyburn (No. 423) -- 182
191 -- Enclosure, The Chester, Glenrusco (No. 424) -- 183
192 -- Enclosure, Chester Knowes (No. 425) -- 183
193 -- Earthwork and enclosure, Common Knowe (No. 427) -- 184
194 -- Earthwork, Crannie Burn (No. 429) -- 184
195 -- Enclosure, Hopekist Burn (No. 438) -- 185
196 -- Enclosure, Laigh Hill (No. 439) -- 186
197 -- Enclosure, Laverlaw (No. 440) -- 186
198 -- Earthwork, Logan Wood (No. 443) -- 187
199 -- Earthwork, Lyne Burn (No. 444) -- 187
200 -- Earthwork, Machan's Cleuch (No. 445) -- 187
201 -- Enclosures, Meldon Burn (No. 446) -- 188
202 -- Earthwork, Mill Rings (No. 448) -- 189
203 -- Earthwork, Mitchelhill (No. 449) -- 189
204 -- Enclosure, Mossfennan (No. 450) -- 189
205 -- Enclosure, Nether Horsburgh (No 451) -- 190
206 -- Earthwork and enclosures, Plora Craig (No 453) -- 190
207 -- Earthwork, Quarter Wood Side (No. 454) -- 191
208 -- Enclosure, Rachan Slack (No. 456) -- 191
209 -- Enclosures, Shaw Hill (No. 457) -- 192
210 -- Enclosure, Skirling Mains (No. 458) -- 192
211 -- Enclosures, South Hill Head (No. 459) -- 193
212 -- Earthwork, Stirkfield (No. 460) -- 193
213 -- Earthwork, Wedding Burn (No. 462) -- 194
214 -- Enclosure, Windylaws (No. 464) -- 194
-- xi |
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TABLE OF PLATES
Plate --
1 -- (Frontispiece) Marble Roman head, Hawkshaw (p. 35)
2 -- Gold lunulae, Southside (p. 17)
3A -- Beaker, Drumelzier (No. 14)
3B -- Beaker, Oliver (No. 93)
3C -- Food Vessel, Black Barony (No. 71)
3D -- Cinerary Urn, Horsburgh Castle (No. 83)
4A -- Bronze cauldron, Hatton Knowe (p. 19)
4B -- Bronze swords: top, Auchencorth (p. 19); bottom, Leadburn (p.19)
5A -- "Nether Cairn", North Muir (No. 47), from SW.
5B -- Ring enclosure, Broughton Knowe (No. 115, B), from N.
5C -- Standing stone, Cardrona Mains (No. 102), from W.
5D -- Standing stone, Drumelzier Haugh (No. 103), from S.
6A -- Fort and castle, Tinnis Castle (Nos. 320 and 531), from S.
6B -- Fort, White Meldon (No. 330), from N.
7 -- Roman fort, Easter Happrew (No. 371), revealed by crop-marks (Photo.
by Dr. J. K. St. Joseph; reproduced by courtesy of the Cambridge
University Committee for Aerial Photography)
8A -- Roman fort, Lyne (No. 374); from S. (Photo. by Dr. J. K. St. Joseph;
reproduced by courtesy of the Cambridge University Committee for
Aerial Photography)
8B -- Roman fort, Lyne (No. 374); from NW. (Photo. by Dr. J. K. St. Joseph;
reproduced by courtesy of the Ministry of Defence (Air) and the
Cambridge University Committee for Aerial Photography)
9A -- Early Christian inscribed stone, Manor Water (No. 376)
9B -- Cross-shaft, Innerleithen (No. 378)
9C -- Cross-shaped stone Netherurd Mains (No. 380)
10A -- Cultivation terraces, Romanno (No. 385)
10B -- Hogbridge (No. 201), crop-marks of probable palisaded enclosure (Photo.
by Dr. J. K. St. Joseph; reproduced by courtesy of the Ministry of
Defence (Air) and the Cambridge University Committee for Aerial
Photography)
-- xiii |
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ROYAL COMMISSION ON THE ANCIENT AND
HISTORICAL MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND
LIST OF COMMISSIONERS
The Right Honourable The Earl of Wemyss and March, K. T., LL.D.,
J.P. (Chairman)
Professor G. Donaldson, M.A. Ph.D., D.Litt.
Mrs. A. I. Dunlop, O.B.E., M.A., Ph.D., D.Litt., LL.D.
A. Graham, Esq., M.A., F.S.A.
Professor K. H. Jackson, M.A., Litt.D., D.Litt., D.Litt.Celt., F.B.A.
Ian G. Lindsay, Esq., O.B.E., B.A., R.S.A., F.R.I.B.A.
Professor Stuart Piggott, B.Litt., D.Litt., F.B.A., F.S.A.
W. Douglas Simpson, Esq., C.B.E., M.A., D.Litt., LL.D., F.S.A.
-- xiv |
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THE ROYAL WARRANT
Here printed is the Royal Warrant of 1963 containing the Commission's present
terms of reference.
ELIZABETH R.
ELIZABETH THE SECOND, by the Grace of God, of the United Kingdom
of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and of Our other Realms and Territories,
QUEEN, Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith, to
Our Right Trusty and Right Well-beloved Cousin Francis David Charteris, Earl
of Wemyss and March, Doctor of Laws, Justice of the Peace;
Our Trusty and Well-beloved
Annie Isabella Dunlop, Officer of Our Most Excellent Order of the British
Empire, Doctor of Philosophy, Doctor of Literature, Doctor of Laws;
Angus Graham, Esquire, Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries;
Kenneth Hurlstone Jackson, Esquire, Doctor of Letters, Doctor of Celtic
Letters (University of Ireland), Fellow of the British Academy;
Ian Gordon Lindsay, Esquire, Officer of Our Most Excellent Order of the
British Empire, Royal Scottish Academician, Fellow of the Royal Institute of
British Architects;
Stuart Piggott, Esquire, Bachelor of Letters, Doctor of Humane Letters,
Fellow of the British Academy, Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries;
Ian Archibald Richmond, Esquire, Commander of Our Most Excellent
Order of the British Empire, Doctor of Letters, Doctor of Literature, Doctor of
Laws, Fellow of the British Academy, Director of the Society of Antiquaries;
William Douglas Simpson, Esquire, Commander of Our Most Excellent
Order of the British Empire, Doctor of Literature, Doctor of Laws, Fellow
of the Society of Antiquaries;
GREETING!
WHEREAS We have deemed it expedient that the Commissioners appointed
to the Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments and Con-
structions of Scotland shall serve for such periods as We by the hand of Our
Secretary of State for Scotland may specify and that a new Commission should
issue for this purpose.
NOW KNOW YE that We have revoked and determined, and do by these
Presents revoke and determine, all the Warrants whereby Commissioners were
appointed on the first day of January one thousand nine hundred and forty eight
and on any subsequent date.
-- xv |
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THE ROYAL WARRANT
AND WE DO by these Presents authorise and appoint you the said Francis
David Charteris, Earl of Wemyss and March (Chairman), Annie Isabella Dunlop,
Angus Graham, Kenneth Hurlstone Jackson, Ian Gordon Lindsay, Stuart Piggott,
Ian Archibald Richmond and William Douglas Simpson to be Our Commissioners
for such periods as We may specify in respect of each of you to make an inventory
of the Ancient and Historical Monuments and Constructions connected with or
illustrative of the contemporary culture, civilisation and conditions of life of the
people in Scotland from the earliest times to the year 1707 and such further
Monuments and Constructions of a date subsequent to that year as may seem in
your discretion to be worthy of mention therein, and to specify those which seem
most worthy of preservation.
AND FOR the better enabling you to carry out the purposes of this Our
Commission, We do by these Presents authorise you to call in the aid and co-
operation of owners of ancient monuments, inviting them to assist you in furthering
the objects of this Commission; and to invite the possessors of such papers as you
may deem it desirable to inspect to produce them before you.
AND WE DO further authorise and empower you, or any three or more of
you, to call before you such persons as you may judge necessary by whom you may
be the better informed of the matters herein submitted for your consideration,
and every matter connected therewith and also to call for, have access to and
examine all such books, documents, registers and records as may afford you the
fullest information on the subjects and to inquire of and concerning the premises
by all other lawful ways and means whatsoever.
AND WE DO further by these Presents authorise and empower you, or any
one or more of you, to visit and personally inspect such places as you may deem
expedient for the more effectual carrying out of the purposes aforesaid.
AND WE DO by these Presents will and ordain that this Our Commission
shall continue in full force and virtue, and that our said Commissioner, or
any three or more of you, may from time to time proceed in the execution thereof,
and of every matter and thing therein contained, although the same be not
continued from time to time by adjournment.
AND Our further Will and Pleasure is that you Our said Commissioners, or
any three or more of you, do report to Us from time to time in writing under
your hands and seals all and every your proceedings under and by virtue of these
Presents.
Given at Our Court at Saint James's this twenty-eighth day of October, 1963,
in the twelfth year of Our Reign.
BY HER MAJESTY'S COMMAND,
MICHAEL NOBLE
-- xvi |
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SEVENTEENTH REPORT
of the Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical
Monuments of Scotland
TO THE QUEEN'S MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY
MAY IT PLEASURE YOUR MAJESTY, -
We, Your Majesty's Commissioners, appointed to make an Inventory of the Ancient
and Historical Monuments and Constructions connected with or illustrative of the con-
temporary culture, civilisation and conditions of life of the people in Scotland from the
earliest times to the year 1707, and such further Monuments and Constructions of a date
subsequent to that year as may seem in our discretion worthy of mention therein, and to
specify those which seem most worthy of preservation, humbly present to Your Majesty
the Report on the Ancient Monuments of Peeblesshire, being the Seventeenth Report on
the work of the Commission since its first appointment.
2. We record with grateful respect the receipt of the gracious message that accompanied
Your Majesty's acceptance of the volume embodying our Sixteenth Report with Inventory
of the Ancient Monuments of Stirlingshire.
3. We have to thank Your Majesty for the appointment of Professor K. H. Jackson,
Litt.D., D.Litt., D.Litt.Celt., F.B.A., under Your Majesty's Royal Sign Warrant of 28th
October 1963, and for the appointment of Professor G. Donaldson, Ph.D., D.Litt., under
Your Majesty's Royal Sign Warrant of 7th May, 1964.
4. It is with great regret that we have to record the loss suffered by the Commis-
sion through the death, in May, 1963, of Professor W. Croft Dickinson, C.B.E., M.C.,
D.Lit., LL.D., for many years our valued advisor on problems concerned with Scottish
history.
We have further to deplore the loss of an esteemed colleague in Professor Sir Ian Richmond,
C.B.E., Litt.D., D.Lit., LL.D., F.B.A., P.S.A., who died in October, 1965, when the
Peeblesshire Inventory was already in the press. He had given unstinted service to the
Commission since his appointment in 1944, and his wise counsel and profound knowledge of
Roman archaeology were of the greatest help to us in the prosecution of our work.
5. Following our usual practice we have prepared a detailed, illustrated Inventory of the
Ancient Monuments of Peeblesshire, which under the advice of the Lords Commissioners of
Your Majesty's Treasury will be issued as a non-Parliamentary publication.
6. Peeblesshire is particularly rich in prehistoric remains of the 2nd and 1st millennia
B.C., and the survey has disclosed several previously unrecognised categories of habitation
sites, cemeteries and barrows, as well as large numbers of unrecorded examples of other
b -- xvii |
| peeblesshire-1967-vol-1/03_020 |
SEVENTEENTH REPORT
monuments. Of exceptional interest are the many palisaded works and timber houses whose
presence in the hill pastures can still be detected by slight surface indications; while important
additions have been made to two types of monuments which are poorly represented in
Scotland, namely "Celtic" fields and pit alignments. Another discovery made in the course
of our survey is that of the Roman fort at Easter Happrew, and we have been able to under-
take some productive excavation both on that site and on the neighbouring Roman fort at
Lyne.
In the architectural field, the outstanding monuments are Neidpath Castle and Traquair
House, of which the former typifies the great baronial residence of the later Middle Ages
while the latter illustrates the domestic standards of the nobility during the 17th and 18th
centuries. A third major monument, Drochil Castle, is of particular interest on account of its
unique plan, but the structural condition of the building gives considerable cause for concern.
Tower-houses of the smaller Border lairds are particularly numerous in Peeblesshire and
the present study had brought to light several hitherto unrecognised examples of this class
of structure. A considerable number of country houses of the 18th and early 19th centuries
have likewise been recorded for the first time, the value of such records being increased in
some cases by the subsequent demolition of the building concerned. The ecclesiastical
architecture of the county is generally undistinguished, but interesting and comparatively
well-preserved parish churches of the medieval and post-Reformation periods occur at Stobo
and Lyne respectively.
7. We desire to acknowledge the welcome assistance given us, during the preparation of
the Inventory, by the owners and occupiers of ancient buildings and sites, and by parish
ministers, throughout the county. We owe particular thanks to Mrs. R. W. Feachem, F.S.A.
Scot., Mr. H. Fraser, N.D.A., Mr. J. H. Hendrie, M.I.Mech.E., F.S.A. Scot., and Mr. A.
Lorimer for help in the field survey; to the Animal Breeding Research Organisation of the
Agricultural Research Council for permission to excavate a number of monuments on its
land; to Sir Thomas Innes of Learney and Kinnairdy, K.C.V.O., LL.D., Lord Lyon King
of Arms, who kindly revised the heraldic matter in the Inventory; to the Geological Survey
of Great Britain, and particularly to Mr. R. J. A. Eckford, F.S.A. Scot., formerly one of its
officers, for advice on geological questions; to the Scottish Development Department, for
facilities for the study of air photographs; and to the staffs of the National Museum of
Antiquities of Scotland, the Archaeology Division of the Ordnance Survey, the Scottish
Record Office, the Scottish National Buildings Record, and the Ancient Monuments
Inspectorate of the Ministry of Public Building and Works for continual and valued co-
operation.
8. We wish to record that the following members of our Executive staff took part in the
preparation of the Inventory: Messrs. R. W. Feachem, M.A., M.Sc., F.S.A., G. D. Hay,
A.R.I.B.A., J. G. Dunbar, M.A., F.S.A., A. MacLaren, M.A., F.S.A., G. S. Maxwell,
M.A., G. B. Quick, A.I.I.P., A.R.P.S., I. G. Scott, D.A. (Edin.), D. Fleming and S. Scott;
and Misses A. E. H. Muir, F. J. Barnes and M. Isbister. The volumes have been edited by
the Secretary, assisted by Mr. J. G. Dunbar.
9. We congratulate Mr. R. W. Feachem on his appointment as Archaeology Officer to
the Ordnance Survey.
-- xviii |
| peeblesshire-1967-vol-1/03_021 |
SEVENTEENTH REPORT
10. We have to report that, by agreement with the Ministry of Public Building and
Works, responsibility for the work previously carried out by the Scottish National Buildings
Record will be transferred to the Commission on 1st April, 1966. The staff of the Buildings
Record will be formally incorporated in the Commission, and the important collections of
photographs and plans owned by the two bodies will be merged to form the nucleus of a
comprehensive National Monuments Record of Scotland.
WEMYSS, Chairman -- K. H. JACKSON
GORDON DONALDSON -- STUART PIGGOTT
ANNIE I. DUNLOP -- W. DOUGLAS SIMPSON
ANGUS GRAHAM -- KENNETH A. STEER, Secretary
b* -- xix |
| peeblesshire-1967-vol-1/03_022 |
LIST OF MONUMENTS IN PEEBLESSHIRE
WHICH THE COMMISSIONERS CONSIDER TO BE
MOST WORTHY OF PRESERVATION
The selection of monuments for this list is based on an objective appraisal of various factors
such as architectural merit, historical associations, and known or potential value for archaeo-
logical research. Inclusion in the list does not confer any statutory protection on the monu-
ments in question, and no account is taken of external circumstances which might make
preservation difficult or impracticable.
The list itself is divided into two parts. Part I consists of monuments whose importance
can be readily assessed from the surviving remains. Part II comprises monuments which are,
in general, less well-preserved than those in Part I, several of them being known only from
crop markings recorded on aerial photographs, but which may nevertheless be valuable
subjects for further research by excavation or other means.
PART I
Barrows, Langlaw Hill (N. 36)
Cairn, "Nether Cairn", North Muir (No. 47)
Cairn, "Upper Cairn", North Muir (No. 48)
Barrows, Romanno Mains (No. 55)
Cairn and standing stones, Tweedsmuir (No. 63)
Standing stone, Drumelzier Haugh (No. 103)
Standing stones, Sheriff Muir (No. 106)
Stone circle, Harestanes (No. 107)
Enclosed cremation cemetery, Weird Law 1 (No. 109)
Enclosed cremation cemetery, Old Deepsykehead (No.
112)
Ring enclosures, Broughton Knowe 1 (No. 115)
Ring enclosures, Jardine's Burn (No. 133)
Ring Enclosures, Stirkfield 1 (No. 142)
Unenclosed platform settlement, Green Knowe (No.
151)
Unenclosed platform settlement, Quarter Hill 1 (No.
177)
Unenclosed platform settlement, White Meldon 1 (No.
192)
Unenclosed platform settlement, White Meldon 2 (No.
193)
Palisaded settlement and settlement, Castle Hill, Hors-
burgh Castle Farm (No. 195)
Palisaded homestead, Glenachan Rig (No. 197)
Palisaded homestead, South Hill Head (No. 205)
Settlement, Orchard Rig 1 (No. 239)
Settlements, Stirkfield (No. 250)
Fort, Black Meldon (No. 259)
Fort, Cademuir Hill 1 (No. 263)
Fort, Cademuir Hill 2 (No. 264)
Fort, settlements and field-system, Dreva (No. 275)
Fort, Harehope Rings (No. 285)
Fort, Pirn Wood (No. 311)
Fort, Stanhope (No. 318)
Fort, White Meldon (No. 330)
Fort and enclosure, Wood Hill (No. 333)
Dun, Stanhope (No. 338)
Scooped settlement, Kirkton Burn (No. 349)
Settlements and field-system, Glenrath Hope (No. 364)
Settlement, Green Hill (No. 365)
Roman fort, Lyne (No. 374)
Cross-shaft, Innerleithen Parish Church (No. 378)
Cultivation terraces, Purvis Hill (No. 384)
Cultivation terraces, Romanno (No. 385)
Parish Church, Kirkurd (No.476)
Parish Church, Lyne (No. 477)
Old and New Parish Churches, Newlands (No. 479)
Cross Kirk, Peebles (No. 480)
Old Parish Church of St. Andrew, Peebles (No. 481)
-- xxi |
| peeblesshire-1967-vol-1/03_023 |
MONUMENTS WORTHY OF PRESERVATION
Parish Church, Stobo (No. 484)
Parish Church, Traquair (No. 486)
Barns Tower (No.490)
Cardrona Tower (No. 493)
Castlehill Tower (No. 494)
Drochil Castle (No. 498)
Drumelzier Castle (No. 499)
Tower, Flemington (No. 504)
Neidpath Castle (No. 519)
Nether Horsburgh Castle (No. 520)
"Old Manor House", West Linton (No. 532)
Winkston (No. 535)
Market Cross, Peebles (No. 541)
The Town-house, Peebles (No.543)
Town Wall, Peebles (No. 544)
Barns House (No. 545)
Black Barony (No. 547)
Black Dwarf's Cottage (No. 548)
Dovecot, Cardrona (No. 551)
Carlops Village (No. 552)
Castlecraig (No. 553)
Farmhouse, Easter Happrew (No. 556)
Hallyards (No. 560)
Haystoun (No. 563)
Holylee (No. 565)
Dovecot, Kailzie (No. 568)
Kerfield (No. 569)
Old Manse, Kilbucho (No. 570)
Kilbucho Place (No. 571)
Netherurd (No. 575)
Rosetta (No. 581)
Scotston (No. 582)
Stobo Castle (No. 584)
Traquair House (No. 585)
Whim (No. 587)
St. Ronan's Mill, Innerleithen (No.589)
Sundials and carved stones, Birkenshaw (No. 593)
Carved stone, Lower Grange (No. 605)
Sundial, Paulswell (No. 608)
Carved stones etc., Chambers Institution, Peebles
(No. 611)
The White Stone, Peebles (No. 614)
Sundials and carved stones, Skirling House (No. 616)
Architectural fragments, Spitalhaugh (No. 621)
Carved stones and sundial, West Linton (No. 625)
Old Bridge, Innerleithen (No. 628)
Old Manor Bridge (No. 629)
Tweed Bridge, Peebles (No. 630)
Bridge, Tweedsmuir (No. 633)
Toll-house, Romanno Bridge (No. 653)
PART II
Long cairn, Harlaw Muir (No. 1)
Cairn, Birks Cairn (No. 2)
Cairn, Blyth Muir (No. 3)
Barrows, Broughton Knowe 2 (No. 5)
Barrow, Broughton Knowe 3 (No. 6)
Cairn, Brown Hill (No. 8)
Cairn, Cairn Hill 1 (No. 9)
Cairn, Cairn Hill 2 (No. 10)
Cairn, Cleuch Hill (No. 12)
Cairn, Drumelzier (No. 14)
Cairn, Dundreich (No. 15)
Barrow, Fingland Burn (No. 18)
Barrow, Flemington Burn (No. 19)
Cairn, Gallow Law (No. 20)
Barrows, Glenwhappen Rig (No. 22)
Cairn, Glenwhappen Rig (No. 23)
Cairn, Harehope (No. 24)
Cairn, Harehope Burn (No. 25)
Barrows, Hopes Burn (No. 28)
Barrows, Huskie Rig (No. 29)
Barrow, Jardine's Burn (No. 30)
Cairn, Jeffries Corse (No. 31)
Cairn, Kaim Wood (No. 33)
Cairn, Meldon Burn (No. 38)
Cairn, Mitchelhill (No. 39)
Cairn, Mitchelhill Burn (No. 40)
Cairn, The Mount (No. 42)
Barrows (possible), Newhall Hill (No. 45)
Cairn, North Muir (No. 46)
Barrows, Orchard Rig (No. 49)
Cairn, Parkgatestone Hill (No. 50)
Cairn, Peat Hill (No. 51)
Cairn, Peddirie Rig (No. 52)
Cairn, Posso Craig (No. 53)
Cairn, Pyked Stane (No. 54)
Cairn, Shaw Hill (No. 56)
Cairn, Sheriff Muir 1 (No. 57)
Barrow, Stirkfield 1 (No. 59)
Barrows (possible), Stirkfield 2 (No. 60)
Cairn, Threepland Hill (No. 61)
Cairn, Tweedsmuir (No. 62)
Cairn, West Cairn Hill (No. 64)
Cairn, Wether Law (No. 65)
Cairn, Whaup Law (No. 66)
-- xxii |
| peeblesshire-1967-vol-1/03_024 |
MONUMENTS WORTHY OF PRESERVATION
Cairn, White Meldon (No. 67)
Cairn, Woodend (No. 68)
Cairn, Worm Hill (No. 69)
Cairnfield, North Muir (No. 70)
Standing stone, Cardrona Mains (No. 102)
Stone circle, Nether Dod (No. 108)
Enclosed cremation cemeteries, Ewelaw Rig (No. 110)
Enclosed cremation cemeteries, Nether Rigs (No. 111)
Ring enclosures, Broughton Knowe 2 (No. 116)
Ring enclosures, Fingland Burn (No. 117)
Ring enclosure, Wormiston (No. 118)
Ring enclosures, Courhope (No. 123)
Ring enclosures, Early Burn (No. 124)
Ring enclosures, Flemington Burn 1 (No. 126)
Ring enclosure, Flemington Burn 2 (No. 127)
Ring enclosure, Flemington Burn 3 (No. 128)
Ring enclosures, Hopes Burn (No.132)
Ring enclosures, The Mount 1 (No. 138)
Ring enclosure, Ratshill (No. 141)
Ring enclosures, Stirkfield 2 (No. 143)
Unenclosed platform settlement, Badlieu Rig (No. 152)
Unenclosed platform settlement, Blake Muir (No. 154)
Unenclosed platform settlement, Cat Cleuch (No. 156)
Unenclosed platform settlement, Craig Law (No. 157)
Unenclosed platform settlement, Grange Hill (No. 159)
Unenclosed platform settlement, Little Dod (No. 168)
Unenclosed platform settlement, Peddirie Dod 1 (No.
174)
Unenclosed platform settlement, Peddirie Dod 2 (No.
175)
Unenclosed platform settlement, Peddirie Rig (No. 176)
Unenclosed platform settlement, Rashy Knowe (No. 180)
Unenclosed platform settlement, Ratshill (No. 181)
Unenclosed platform settlement, The Rig 2 (No. 183)
Unenclosed platform settlement, The Rig 3 (No. 184)
Unenclosed platform settlement, The Rig 4 (No. 185)
Unenclosed platform settlement, Weird Law (No. 191)
Palisaded settlement, Dead Side (No. 196)
Palisaded enclosure, Glenwhappen Rig (No. 198)
Palisaded settlements, Harehope (No. 199)
Palisaded settlement, settlement and enclosure, Hillside
Knowe (No. 200)
Palisaded enclosure (probable), Hogbridge (site) (No.
201)
Pailisaded settlement, Nether Dod (No. 204)
Palisaded enclosure, White Hill (No. 207)
Settlements, scooped homesteads and enclosures, The
Bank (No. 210)
Settlement and scooped homestead, Black Meldon (No.
211)
Settlement, Caerlee (No. 214)
Settlement, Cardon (No. 215)
Settlement, Cavarra Hill (No. 216)
Settlement, Dreva Hill (No. 218)
Settlement, Drum Maw (No. 220)
Settlement, Glenrath 1 (No. 222)
Settlement, Goseland Hill (No. 224)
Homestead, Great Hill (No. 225)
Homestead, Hamildean (No. 227)
Settlement, Hartree Hills (No. 228)
Homestead, Hearthstane (No. 229)
Settlements, Hearthstane (No. 230)
Homestead, Hopekist Rig (No. 231)
Settlement, Hopeterrick Burn 1 (No. 232)
Settlement, Hopeterrick Burn 2 (No. 233)
Settlement, Kirnie (No. 235)
Settlement, Lady Blair Plantation (No. 236)
Settlement, Laigh Hill (No. 237)
Settlement, Nether Stewarton (No. 238)
Settlement, Orchard Rig 2 (No. 240)
Settlement, Orchard Rig 3 (No. 241)
Settlement, Parkgatestone Hill (No. 242)
Settlement, Patervan (No. 243)
Settlement, Purvis Hill (No. 246)
Settlement and scooped homestead, Riding Hill (No.
247)
Settlement, Torykneis (No. 252)
Settlement, Ven Law 1 (No. 254)
Homestead, Worm Hill (No. 258)
Fort, Blyth Hill (No. 261)
Fort, Bordlands Rings (No. 262)
Fort, Camp Law Plantation (No. 265)
Fort, Cardrona (No. 268)
Fort and settlement, Charge Law Plantation (No. 270)
Fort and settlement, Chester Hill, Hundleshope (No.
271)
Fort, Chester Hill, Traquair (No. 272)
Fort and settlement, Chester Rig, Cardon (No. 273)
Fort, scooped settlement and settlement, Chester Rig,
Glen (No. 274)
Fort and enclosures, Drochil Hill (No. 276)
Fort and settlement, Easter Dawyck (No. 277)
Fort, Gallowberry Wood (No. 280)
Fort, Grieston Hill (No. 281)
Fort and settlement, Hallmanor (No. 282)
Fort, Hamildean Hill (No. 283)
Fort and settlement, Hammer Knowe (No. 284)
Fort and settlement, Helm End (No. 286)
Fort and enclosure, Henderland Hill (No. 287)
Fort, Henry's Brae (No. 288)
-- xxiii |
| peeblesshire-1967-vol-1/03_025 |
MONUMENTS WORTHY OF PRESERVATION
Fort, Hog Hill (No. 289)
Fort, Janet's Brae 1 (No. 292)
Fort, Janet's Brae 2 (No. 293)
Fort, Kerr's Knowe (No. 294)
Fort, Kingledoors (No. 295)
Fort, Kittlegairy Burn (No. 297)
Fort, Knowe Kniffling (No. 298)
Fort and enclosure, Langlaw Hill (No. 300)
Fort, Lour (No. 302)
Fort and linear earthworks, Milkieston Hill (No. 304)
Fort and settlement, Mitchelhill Rings (No. 305)
Fort and scooped homesteads, Muirburn (No. 307)
Fort, Nether Oliver Craigs (No. 308)
Fort, Northshield Rings (No. 309)
Fort, Quaw Plantation (No. 312)
Fort, Rachan Hill (No. 313)
Fort, Ring Knowe (No. 314)
Fort, Rough Side (No. 315)
Fort, Skye Hill (No. 319)
Fort, Tinnis Castle (No. 320)
Fort, Tor Hill, Kailzie (No. 321)
Fort, Tor Hill, Torbank (No. 322)
Fort and enclosures, Upper Kidston (No. 323)
Fort, Waddenshope (No. 324)
Fort, settlement and enclosures, The Whaum (No.
328)
Fort, Whitelaw Rig (No. 329)
Fort and enclosure, Whiteside Hill (No. 331)
Fort and enclosure, Whiteside Rig (No. 332)
Fort, Woodhouse Hill (No. 334)
Fort and scooped homestead, Worm hill (No. 335)
Fort, Young Bush Wood (No. 337)
Scooped homestead, Cademuir Hill (No. 340)
Scooped homestead, Canada Hill (No. 341)
Scooped homestead, Clashpock Rig (No. 342)
Scooped homestead, Fairlaw Burn (No. 344)
Scooped homestead, Glenveg (No. 345)
Scooped homestead, Kirkton Burn (No. 348)
Scooped settlement, Langhaugh (No. 350)
Scooped settlement, Mossfennan (No. 352)
Scooped homestead, Old Caberston (No. 353)
Scooped settlement, Old Caberston (No. 354)
Scooped settlement and enclosure, Stanhope Cottage
(No. 358)
Scooped homestead, Wood Hill 1 (No. 360)
Scooped settlement, Woolshears Hill (No. 363)
Settlement, Hog's Knowe (No. 366)
Settlement, Meldon Burn (No. 367)
Field-system, Stan Hope (No. 368)
Pit alignment, Lyne (site) (No. 370)
Roman fort, Easter Happrew (site) (No. 371)
Roman temporary camp, Lyne (site) (No. 374)
Cultivation terraces, Cauld Face (No. 381)
Earthwork, Callands (No. 421)
Enclosure, Candyburn (No. 423)
Enclosure, The Chester, Glenrusco (No. 424)
Earthwork and enclosure, Common Knowe (No. 427)
Earthwork, Logan Wood (No. 443)
Earthwork, Lyne Burn (No. 444)
Earthwork, Machan's Cleuch (No. 445)
Enclosures, Meldon Burn (No. 446)
Earthwork, Mill Rings (No. 448)
Enclosure, Nether Horsburgh (No. 451)
Earthwork and enclosures, Plora Craig (No. 453)
Earthwork, Quarter Wood Side (No. 454)
Enclosures, Shaw Hill (No. 457)
Enclosure, Skirling Mains (site) (No. 458)
Enclosures, South Hill Head (No. 459)
Enclosure, Tripans Knowe (No. 461)
Enclosure, West Mains (site) No. 463)
Old Parish Church, Broughton (No. 467)
Parish Church, Drumelzier (No. 469)
Parish Church, Eddleston (No. 470)
Old Parish Church, Glenholm (No. 471)
Old Parish Church of Kailzie, Kirkburn (No. 472)
Old Parish Church, Kilbucho (No. 473)
Old Parish Church of Kirkurd, Castlecraig (No. 475)
Parish Church, Manor (No. 478)
St. Leonard's Hospital, Chapelyards (site) (No. 482)
Parish Church, Skirling (No. 483)
Parish Church, West Linton (No. 489)
Glentress Tower (No. 505)
Hawkshaw Castle and Chapel (sites) (No. 509)
Tower and associated buildings, Langhaugh (No. 515)
Tower and township, Lour (No. 517)
Oliver Castle (site) (No. 521)
Peebles Castle (site) (No. 523)
Tower, Plora Burn (No. 524)
Posso (No. 525)
Tower, St. Gordian's Kirk, Newholm Hope Burn (site)
(No. 527)
Tinnis Castle (No. 531)
Woolandslee Tower (No. 537)
Roman road, Dolphinton to Carlops; all visible remains
(No. 634)
Roman road in Tweeddale and westwards; all visible
remains (No. 635)
Farm-steads, Fruid Water (No. 672)
Farm-steads, Talla Linnfoots (No. 675)
Farm-stead, Old Thornylee (No. 676)
-- xxiv |
| peeblesshire-1967-vol-1/03_026 |
REGISTER OF MONUMENTS IN PEEBLESSHIRE
BY PARISHES
BROUGHTON, GLENHOLM AND
KILBUCHO PARISH
Barrow, Broughton Knowe 1 (No. 4)
Barrows, Broughton Knowe 2 (No. 5)
Barrow, Broughton Knowe 3 (No. 6)
Cairn, Brown Hill (No. 8)
Cairn, Cleuch Hill (No. 12)
Barrows, Langlaw Hill (No. 36)
Cairn, Mitchelhill (No. 39)
Cairn, Mitchelhill Burn (No. 40)
Cairn, Parkgatestone Hill (No. 50)
Barrow, Stirkfield 1 (No. 59)
Barrows (possible), Stirkfield 2 (No. 60)
Cairn, Threepland Hill (No. 61)
Cairn, Woodend (No. 68)
Cairn, Worm Hill (No. 69)
Burial, Deadman's Knowe (site) (No. 79)
Cist, Gallow Knowe (site) (No. 80)
Burial, Haggies Knowe (site) (No. 81)
Cist, Logan (site) (No. 88)
Cists, Whinny Knowe (sites) (No. 98)
Ring enclosures, Broughton Knowe 1 (No. 115)
Ring enclosures, Broughton Knowe 2 (No. 116)
Ring enclosure Ratshill (No. 141)
Ring enclosures, Stirkfield 1 (No. 142)
Ring enclosures, Stirkfield 2 (No. 143)
Unenclosed platform settlement, Cat Cleuch (No. 156)
Unenclosed platform settlement, Haggen End (No. 160)
Unenclosed platform settlement, Mossfennan Burn (No.
170)
Unenclosed platform settlement, Rachan Hill (No. 179)
Unenclosed platform settlement, Ratshill (No. 181)
Unenclosed platform settlement, Shoulder Wood (No.
189)
Unenclosed platform settlement, Worm Hill (No. 194)
Palisaded homestead, Glenachan Rig (No. 197)
Palisaded enclosure, Mitchelhill (No. 203)
Palisaded enclosure, White Hill (No. 207)
Settlement, Cardon (No. 215)
Settlement, Goseland Hill (No. 224)
Settlement, Hartree Hills (No. 228)
Settlement, Parkgatestone Hill (No. 242)
Settlements, Stirkfield (No. 250)
Homestead, Worm Hill (No. 258)
Fort and settlement, Chester Rig, Cardon (No. 273)
Fort and settlement, Helm End (No. 286)
Fort, Knowe Kniffling (No. 298)
Fort and enclosure, Langlaw Hill (No. 300)
Fort and settlement, Mitchelhill Rings (No. 305)
Fort, Rachan Hill (No. 313)
Fort, Rough Side (No. 315)
Fort and scooped homestead, Worm Hill (No. 335)
Scooped settlement, Cloverhill (No. 343)
Scooped settlement Mossfennan (No. 352)
Cultivation terraces, Goseland Hill (No. 383)
Cultivation terraces, Kilbucho Church (No. 401)
Cultivation terraces, Logan Burn (No. 404)
Cultivation terraces, Mitchelhill (No. 408)
Earthwork, Bamflatt (No. 417)
Earthwork, Burnetland (No.420)
Enclosure, Camp Wood (No. 422)
Earthwork, Coomlees (site) (No. 428)
Earthwork, Crannie Burn (No. 429)
Earthwork, Glencotho (No. 432)
Earthwork, Goseland (No. 434)
Earthwork, Machan's Cleuch (No. 445)
Earthwork, Mill Rings (No. 448)
Earthwork, Mitchelhill (No. 449)
Enclosure, Mossfennan (No. 450)
Earthwork, Quarter Wood Side (No. 454)
Enclosure, Rachan Mill (site) (No. 455)
Enclosure, Rachan Slack (No. 456)
Earthwork, Stirkfield (No. 460)
Enclosure, Tripans Knowe (No. 461)
Enclosure, Wrae (No. 466)
Old Parish Church, Broughton (No. 467)
Old Parish Church, Glenholm (No. 471)
Old Parish Church, Kilbucho (No. 473)
Hartree Tower (site) (No. 508)
Kittlehall (site) (No. 514)
Whitslade (No. 534)
Wrae Castle (No. 538)
Broughton House (site) (No. 549)
-- xxv |
| peeblesshire-1967-vol-1/03_027 |
REGISTER OF MONUMENTS BY PARISHES
Cardon (site) (No. 550)
Dukepool (site) (No. 555)
Easter Place (No. 557)
Old Manse, Kilbucho (No. 570)
Kilbucho Place (No. 571)
Langlawhill (site) (No. 573)
Quarter House (No. 580)
Sundial, Chapelgill (No. 597)
Old road, Holms Water to Logan (No. 641)
Old Quarries, Wrae Hill (No. 667)
St. Bede's Well, Kilbucho (site) (No. 670)
DRUMELZIER PARISH
Cairn, Drumelzier (No. 14)
Cists, Bowers Knowe (sites) (No. 72)
Cist (possible), "Merlin's Grave", Drumelzier (site)
(No. 90)
Standing stone, Drumelzier Haugh (No. 103)
Unenclosed platform settlement, Lairdside Knowe (No.
166)
Unenclosed platform settlement, Shaw Hill (No. 188)
Unenclosed platform settlement, Stone Grain Hope
(No. 190)
Settlement, Drumelzier Ford (No. 219)
Homestead, Hopekist Rig (No. 231)
Settlement, Kingledoors (No. 234)
Settlement, Laigh Hill (No. 237)
Settlement, Patervan (No. 243)
Homestead, Stanhope (No. 248)
Settlement, Stanhope (No. 249)
Settlement, Vane Law (No. 253)
Fort, Henry's Brae (No. 288)
Fort, Kingledoors (No. 295)
Fort, Lour (No. 302)
Fort, Stanhope (No. 318)
Fort, Tinnis Castle (No. 320)
Fort, Wester Dawyck (No. 326)
Dun, Stanhope (No. 338)
Scooped settlement (probable), Stanhope (No. 357)
Scooped settlement and enclosure, Stanhope Cottage
(No. 358)
Field-system, Stan Hope (No. 368)
Long cists, Polmood (sites) (No. 375)
Cultivation terraces, Drumelzier (No. 393)
Cultivation terraces, Glenkerie Burn (No. 395)
Cultivation terraces, Glenkiely Burn (No. 396)
Cultivation terraces, Hopecarton Burn (No. 400)
Enclosure, Chester Knowes (No. 425)
Enclosure, Hopekist Burn (No. 438)
Enclosure, Laigh Hill (No. 439)
Earthwork, Logan Wood (No. 443)
Church, Dawyck (site) (No. 468)
Parish Church, Drumelzier (No. 469)
Drumelzier Castle (No. 499)
Tower and township, Lour (No. 517)
Tinnis Castle (No. 531)
Dawyck (site) (No. 554)
Polmood (No. 579)
Farm-stead, Shaw Hill (No. 673)
Farm-steads, Stanhope (No. 674)
Indeterminate remains, Hopecarton (No. 679)
Indeterminate remains, Lairdside Knowe (No. 682)
EDDLESTON PARISH
Cairn, Brown Dod (site) (No. 7)
Cairn, Dundreich (No. 15)
Cairn, Harehope (No. 24)
Cairn, Harehope Burn (No. 25)
Cairn, Hatton Knowe 1 (site) (No. 26)
Cairns, Hatton Knowe 2 (sites) (No. 27)
Cairn, Jeffries Corse (No. 31)
Cairn, Kaim Wood (No. 33)
Cairn, Kingside Edge (site) (No. 34)
Cairn, Meldon Burn (No. 38)
Cairn, Peat Hill (No. 51)
Cairn, Whaup Law (No. 66)
Cists, Black Barony (sites) (No. 71)
Cist, Darnhall Mains (site) (No. 78)
Cist, Portmore Loch (site) (No. 95)
Cist, Whitelawburn (site) (No. 99)
Ring enclosure, Wormiston (No 118)
Ring enclosures, Cloich Rig (No. 122)
Ring enclosures, Courhope (No. 123)
Ring enclosures, Early Burn (No. 124)
Ring enclosure, Grassfield (No. 130)
Ring enclosures, Harehope Burn (No. 131)
Ring enclosure, Nether Stewarton (No. 140)
Unenclosed platform settlement, Green Knowe
(No. 151)
Palisaded settlements, Harehope (No. 199)
Settlement, Cavarra Hill (No. 216)
Settlement, Nether Stewarton (No. 238)
Fort, Harehope Rings, (No. 285)
Fort and linear earthworks, Milkieston Hill (No. 304)
Fort, Northshield Rings (No. 309)
-- xxvi |
| peeblesshire-1967-vol-1/03_028 |
REGISTER OF MONUMENTS BY PARISHES
Fort, Wormiston Rings (No. 336)
Scooped homestead, Windylaws (No. 359)
Enclosure, Harehope (No. 435)
Enclosure, Law Park Plantation (No. 441)
Earthwork, Milkieston (site) (No. 447)
Enclosure, Windylaws (No. 464)
Parish Church, Eddleston (No. 470)
Tower, Boreland (site) (No. 491)
Moredun, Eddleston (No. 503)
Hopeton Tower (site) (No. 510)
Black Barony (No. 547)
Harehope (No. 562)
Sundial, Earlyvale (No. 599)
Carved stone, Windylaws (No. 626)
Bridge, Eddleston (No. 627)
Indeterminate remains, Kingside Edge (site) (No. 681)
INNERLEITHEN PARISH
Cairn, Cairn Hill 1 (No. 9)
Cairn, Cairn Hill 2 (No. 10)
Burial, Horsburgh Castle (site) (No. 83)
Unenclosed platform settlement, Kirn Law (No. 165)
Unenclosed platform settlement, Lee Burn Head (No.
167)
Unenclosed platform settlement, Middle Hope Rig (No.
169)
Palisaded settlement and settlement, Castle Hill, Hors-
burgh Castle Farm (No. 195)
Palisaded settlement, settlement and enclosure, Hillside
Knowe (No. 200)
Settlement, Caerlee (No. 214)
Settlement, Kirnie (No. 235)
Settlement, Purvis Hill (No. 246)
Settlement, Torykneis (No. 252)
Fort, Horsburgh Castle (site) (No. 290)
Fort, Pirn Wood (No. 311)
Scooped homesteads, Middle Hope Rig (No. 351)
Scooped homestead, Old Caberston (No. 353)
Scooped settlement, Old Caberston (No. 354)
Scooped homestead, Purvis Hill (No. 356)
Settlement, Green Hill (No. 365)
Roman temporary camp, Innerleithen (site) (No. 373)
Cross-shaft, Innerleithen Parish Church (No. 378)
Cultivation terraces, Cauld Face (No. 381)
Cultivation terraces, Purvis Hill (No. 384)
Cultivation terraces, Dod Hill (No. 392)
Cultivation terraces, Kirnie (No. 402)
Cultivation terraces, Old Caberston (No. 409)
Cultivation terraces, Old Thornylee (No. 410)
Enclosure, Bught Hill (No. 419)
Earthwork and enclosure, Common Knowe (No. 427)
Enclosure, Nether Horsburgh (No. 451)
Caberston Tower (site) (No. 492)
Colquhar Tower (No. 497)
Glentress Tower (No. 505)
Horsburgh Castle (No. 511)
Kirnie Tower (site) (No. 513)
Lee Tower (No. 516)
Nether Horsburgh Castle (No 520)
Ormiston Tower (site) (No. 522)
Purvishill Tower (site) (No. 526)
Woolandslee Tower (No. 537)
Glenormiston House (site) (No. 559)
Old Holylee (No. 564)
Holylee (No. 565)
Old house, Pirn Road, Innerleithen (No. 567)
Nether Horsburgh (No. 574)
Pirn House (site) (No. 578)
Caerlee Mill, Innerleithen (No. 588)
St. Ronan's Mill, Innerleithen (No. 589)
Nether Horsburgh Smithy (No. 591)
Sundial, Leithen Lodge (No. 604)
Old Bridge, Innerleithen (No. 628)
Old road from Innerleithen through the Moorfoot Hills
(No. 643)
Farm-stead, Old Thornylee (No. 676)
KIRKURD PARISH
Barrows, Hopes Burn (No. 28)
Barrow, Jardine's Burn (No. 30)
Barrow (possible), Kaim Rig (No. 32)
Cairn, Mount (site) (No. 41)
Cairn, The Mount (No. 42)
Cairn, Pyked Stane (No 54)
Cairn, Shaw Hill (No. 56)
Cist, Kirkurd (site) (No. 86)
Cists, The Mount (sites) (No. 92)
Stone circle, Harestanes (No. 107)
Ring enclosure, Bryland 1 (No. 120)
Ring enclosure, Bryland 2 (No. 121)
Ring enclosures, Gallowberry Wood (No. 129)
Ring enclosures, Hopes Burn (No. 132)
Ring enclosures, Jardine's Burn (No. 133)
Ring enclosure, Lochurd 1 (No. 135)
Ring enclosure, Lochurd 2 (No. 136)
Ring enclosures, The Mount 1 (No. 138)
-- xxvii |
| peeblesshire-1967-vol-1/03_029 |
REGISTER OF MONUMENTS BY PARISHES
Ring enclosures, The Mount 2 (No. 139)
Ring enclosure, Woolshears Hill (No. 148)
Palisaded enclosure, Woolshears Wood (No. 209)
Fort, Castlecraig (No. 269)
Fort, Gallowberry Wood (No. 280)
Fort, Ladyurd Rings (No.299)
Fort, Lochurd (No. 301)
Scooped settlement, Woolshears Hill (No. 363)
Cross-shaped stone, Netherurd Mains (site) (No. 380)
Cultivation terraces, Shaw Hill (No. 412)
Enclosure, Lochurd (No. 442)
Enclosures, Shaw Hill (No. 457)
Enclosure, West Mains (site) (No. 463)
Old Parish Church of Kirkurd, Castlecraig (No. 475)
Parish Church, Kirkurd (No. 476)
Castlecraig (No. 553)
Netherurd (No. 575)
Netherurd Mill (No. 590)
LYNE PARISH
Burial, Hamildean (site) (No. 82)
Cup-and-ring markings, Hallyne (site) (No. 100)
Unenclosed platform settlement, Black Meldon (No. 153)
Settlement and scooped homestead, Black Meldon (No.
211)
Homestead, Hamildean (No. 227)
Fort, Black Meldon (No. 259)
Fort, Hamildean Hill (No. 283)
Pit alignment, Lyne (site) (No. 370)
Roman fort, fortlet (site) and temporary camp (site),
Lyne (No. 374)
Cultivation terraces, Meldon Burn (No. 406)
Earthwork, Lyne Burn (No. 444)
Parish Church, Lyne (No. 477)
Carved stones, Hallyne House (No. 601)
MANOR PARISH
Cairn, Posso Craig (No. 53)
Cists, Kirkton Manor (sites) (No. 85)
Cists, Langhaugh (sites) (No. 87)
Standing stone, Kirkton Manor (No. 104)
Unenclosed platform settlement, Cademuir Hill (No.
155)
Settlements, scooped homesteads and enclosures, The
Bank (No. 210)
Settlement, Glenrath 1 (No. 222)
Settlement, Glenrath 2 (No. 223)
Settlement (probable), Greenside Craig (No. 226)
Settlement, Hopeterrick Burn 1 (No. 232)
Settlement, Hopeterrick Burn 2 (No. 233)
Settlement (probable), Posso (No. 245)
Settlement (probable), Wood Hill (No. 257)
Fort and settlement, Chester Hill, Hundleshope (No.
271)
Fort and settlement, Hallmanor (No. 282)
Fort, Hunt Hill (No. 291)
Fort, Quaw Plantation (No. 312)
Fort, Ring Knowe (No. 314)
Fort, Syke Hill (No. 319)
Fort, Whitelaw Rig (No. 329)
Fort and enclosure, Wood Hill (No. 333)
Fort, Woodhouse Hill (No. 334)
Scooped homestead, Cademuir Hill (No. 340)
Scooped homestead, Canada Hill (No. 341)
Scooped homestead, Fairlaw Burn (No. 344)
Scooped settlement, Kirkton Burn (No. 349)
Scooped settlement, Langhaugh (No. 350)
Scooped homestead, Posso Craig (No. 355)
Scooped homestead, Wood Hill 1 (No. 360)
Scooped homestead, Wood Hill 2 (No. 361)
Scooped homestead, Wood Hill 3 (No. 362)
Settlements and field-system, Glenrath Hope (No. 364)
Settlement, Hog's Knowe (No. 366)
Settlement, Wood Hill (No. 369)
Early Christian inscribed stone, Manor Water (site) (No.
376)
Cross-base, Newholm Hope Burn (No. 379)
Cultivation terraces, Glenternie (No. 382)
Cultivation terraces, Glenrath Hill (No. 397)
Cultivation terraces, Glenrath Hope (No. 398)
Cultivation terraces, Langhaugh (No. 403)
Cultivation terraces, Posso (No. 411)
Earthwork, Glenrath (site) (No. 433)
Enclosure, Haswellsykes (site) (No. 436)
Parish Church, Manor (No. 478)
Barns Tower (No. 490)
Castlehill Tower (No. 494)
Caverhill Tower (site) (No. 495)
Tower and associated buildings, Langhaugh (No. 515)
Tower, Manorhead (No. 518)
Posso (No. 525)
Tower, St. Gordian's Kirk, Newholm Hope Burn (site)
(No. 527)
Tower, Woodhouse Hill (site) (No. 536)
Barns House (No. 545)
Black Dwarf's Cottage (No. 548)
-- xxviii |
| peeblesshire-1967-vol-1/03_030 |
REGISTER OF MONUMENTS BY PARISHES
Hallyards (No. 560)
Kirkton Manor Mill (No. 590)
Kirkton Manor Smithy (No. 591)
Carved stones, Kirkton Manor Farmhouse (No. 603)
Old road, Manor Water to Megget Water (No. 645)
Old road, Peebles to Kirkton Manor (No. 647)
Indeterminate remains, Hundleshope (No. 680)
Indeterminate remains, Posso Craig (No. 684)
NEWLANDS PARISH
Barrow, Fingland Burn (No. 18)
Barrow, Flemington Burn (No. 19)
Barrows, Romanno Mains (No. 55)
Cairn, Wether Law (No.65)
Ring-marked slab, Lamancha (site) (No. 101)
Ring enclosures, Fingland Burn (No. 117)
Ring enclosure, Fingland (No. 125)
Ring enclosures, Flemington Burn 1 (No. 126)
Ring enclosure, Flemington Burn 2 (No. 127)
Ring enclosure, Flemington Burn 3 (No. 128)
Palisaded homestead, White Knowe (No. 208)
Settlement, Drum Maw (No. 220)
Homestead, Flemington Burn (No. 221)
Fort, Bordlands Rings (No. 262)
Fort and enclosures, Drochil Hill (No. 276)
Fort and enclosure, Henderland Hill (No. 287)
Fort and enclosure, Whiteside Hill (No. 331)
Cultivation terraces, Romanno (No. 385)
Cultivation terraces, Romanno Bridge (No. 386)
Cultivation terraces, Halmyre Mains (No. 399)
Cultivation terraces, Whiteside Hill (No. 414)
Cultivation terraces, Wood Hill 1 (No. 415)
Cultivation terraces, Wood Hill 2 (No. 416)
Earthwork, Callands (No. 421)
Old and New Parish Churches, Newlands (No. 479)
Drochil Castle (No. 498)
Easter Deans (No. 501)
Tower, Flemington (No. 504)
Grahames Walls (site) (No. 506)
Whiteside Tower (site) (No. 533)
Halmyre (No. 561)
Lamancha (No. 572)
Scotston (No. 582)
Whim (No. 587)
Blyth Bridge Mill (No. 590)
Architectural fragments, Callands House (No. 595)
Carved stone, Lower Grange (No. 605)
Carved stones, Newlands Manse (No. 606)
Carved stone, Romanno House (No. 615)
Old Romanno Bridge (No. 631)
Toll-house, Romanno Bridge (No. 653)
Old quarries, Macbiehill (No. 662)
Indeterminate remains, Penria Hill (site) (No. 683)
PEEBLES PARISH
Cairn, Crookston (site) (No. 13)
Cairn, King's Muir (site) (No. 35)
Cairn, White Meldon (No. 67)
Cist, Cross Kirk, Peebles (No. 77)
Unenclosed platform settlement, White Meldon 1 (No.
192)
Unenclosed platform settlement, White Meldon 2 (No.
193)
Palisaded settlement, Dead Side (No. 196)
Palisaded enclosure (probable), Hogbridge (site) (No.
201)
Palisaded homestead, Meldon Burn (No. 202)
Palisaded homestead, South Hill Head (No. 205)
Palisaded enclosure, Ven Law (No. 206)
Settlement, Cademuir Hill (No. 213)
Settlement (probable), Crookston (No. 217)
Settlement, Lady Blair Plantation (No. 236)
Settlement, Ven Law 1 (No. 254)
Settlement, Ven Law 2 (No. 255)
Settlement, White Meldon (No. 256)
Fort, Cademuir Hill 1 (No. 263)
Fort, Cademuir Hill 2 (No. 264)
Fort, Camp Law Plantation (No. 265)
Fort, Cardie Hill (No. 267)
Fort, Edston (No. 279)
Fort, Janet's Brae 1 (No. 292)
Fort, Janet's Brae 2 (No. 293)
Fort, King's Meadows (No. 296)
Fort, Kittlegairy Burn (No. 297)
Fort, Manor Sware (No. 303)
Fort, Morning Hill (No. 306)
Fort, Smithfield (No. 317)
Fort and enclosures, Upper Kidston (No. 323)
Fort, Waddenshope (No. 324)
Fort, settlement and enclosures, The Whaum (No. 328)
Fort, White Meldon (No. 330)
Scooped homestead, Bonnycraig (No. 339)
Scooped settlement, Kidston Mill (No. 347)
Scooped homestead, Kirkton Burn (No. 348)
Settlement, Meldon Burn (No. 367)
Roman temporary camp, Eshiels (site) (No. 372)
-- xxix |
| peeblesshire-1967-vol-1/03_031 |
REGISTER OF MONUMENTS BY PARISHES
Early Christian inscribed stone (possible), Peebles (site)
(No. 377)
Cultivation terraces, Venlaw House (No. 388)
Cultivation terraces, Cademuir Hill (No. 389)
Cultivation terraces, Edston (No. 394)
Cultivation terraces, Manor Sware (No. 405)
Enclosures, Meldon Burn (No. 446)
Enclosures, South Hill Head (No. 459)
Enclosure, Winkston Hill (No. 465)
Cross Kirk, Peebles (No. 480)
Old Parish Church of St. Andrew, Peebles (No. 481)
St. Leonard's Hospital, Chapelyards (site) (No. 482)
Chapelhill (No. 496)
Hutchinfield (No. 512)
Neidpath Castle (No. 519)
Peebles Castle (site) (No. 523)
Shieldgreen Tower (No. 528)
Smithfield Castle (site) and Venlaw House (No. 530)
Winkston (No. 535)
High Street, Peebles (No. 540)
Market Cross, Peebles (No. 541)
Northgate, Peebles (No. 542)
The Town-house, Peebles (No. 543)
Town Wall, Peebles (No. 544)
Foulage (site) (No. 558)
Haystoun (No. 563)
Kerfield (No. 569)
Rosetta (No. 581)
Carved stone, Biggiesknowe, Peebles (No. 609)
Sundial, Briar Lodge, Tweed Green, Peebles (No.
610)
Carved stones, etc., Chambers Institution, Peebles (No.
611)
Carved stones, Lee Lodge Hotel, Peebles (No. 612)
Carved stone, Old Parish Church, Peebles (No. 613)
The White Stone, Peebles (No. 614)
Carved stones, Soonhope (No. 620)
Tweed Bridge, Peebles (No. 630)
Lady's Well, Castle Banks (site) (No. 669)
SKIRLING PARISH
Cairn, Gallow Law (No. 20)
Cists, Cloven Knowes (sites) (No. 76)
Fort, Candyburn Castle (No. 266)
Fort and scooped homesteads, Muirburn (No. 307)
Fort, Skirling Craigs (No. 316)
Cultivation terraces, Mill Hill (site) (No. 407)
Enclosure, Broomy Law (No. 418)
Enclosure, Candyburn (No. 423)
Enclosure, Skirling Mains (site) (No. 458)
Earthwork, Wedding Burn (No. 462)
Chapel and graveyard, Kirklawhill (site) (No. 474)
Parish Church, Skirling (No. 483)
Skirling Castle (site) (No. 529)
Architectural fragments, Kirklawhill Farm (No. 602)
Sundials and carved stones, Skirling House (No. 616)
Carved stone, Loanfoot Farm, Skirling (No. 617)
Sundial, Skirling Mill (No. 618)
Architectural fragments, Rose Cottage, Skirling (No.
619)
STOBO PARISH
Barrows, Huskie Rig (No. 29)
Cairn, Sheriff Muir 1 (No. 57)
Carin, Sheriff Muir 2 (site) (No. 58)
Burial, Stobo Castle (site) (No. 96)
Standing stones, Sheriff Muir (No. 106)
Unenclosed platform settlement, Robin's Cleuch (No.
187)
Settlement, Brownsland (No. 212)
Settlement, Dreva Hill (No. 218)
Settlement, Penveny (No. 244)
Settlement and scooped homestead, Riding Hill (No.
247)
Settlement, Torbank Hill (No. 251)
Fort, settlements and field-system, Dreva (No. 275)
Fort and settlement, Easter Dawyck (No. 277)
Fort, Easton Burn (No. 278)
Fort and settlement, Hammer Knowe (No. 284)
Fort, Hog Hill (No. 289)
Fort, Kerr's Knowe (No. 294)
Fort, Tor Hill, Torbank (No. 322)
Fort, Wester Happrew (site) (No. 327)
Scooped homestead, Clashpock Rig (No. 342)
Scooped homestead, Hammer Knowe (No. 346)
Roman fort, Easter Happrew (site) (No. 371)
Enclosure, Easter Happrew (No. 430)
Parish Church, Stobo (No. 484)
Tower, Easter Dawyck (site) (No. 500)
Tower, Easter Happrew (site) (No. 502)
Farmhouse, Easter Happrew (No. 556)
Stobo Castle (No. 584)
Sundial, Dreva (No. 598)
Architectural fragments etc., Stobo Manse (No. 622)
Old quarries, Sheriff Muir (No. 663)
Stobo quarry, Quarry Hill (No. 665)
-- xxx |
| peeblesshire-1967-vol-1/03_032 |
REGISTER OF MONUMENTS BY PARISHES
TRAQUAIR PARISH
Cairn, Birks Cairn (No. 2)
Barrows (possible), Newhall Hill (No. 45)
Barrows, Orchard Rig (No. 49)
Cists, Minch Moor (sites) (No. 91)
Cists, Traquair (sites) (No. 97
Standing stone, Cardrona Mains (No. 102)
Enclosed cremation cemetery, Wallace's Hill (No. 113)
Unenclosed platform settlement, Blake Muir (No. 154)
Settlement, Orchard Rig 1 (No. 239)
Settlement, Orchard Rig 2 (No. 240)
Settlement, Orchard Rig 3 (No. 241)
Fort, Cardrona (No. 268)
Fort and settlement, Charge Law Plantation (No. 270)
Fort, Chester Hill, Traquair (No. 272)
Fort, scooped settlement and settlement, Chester Rig,
Glen (No. 274)
Fort, Grieston Hill (No. 281)
Fort, Tor Hill, Kailzie (No. 321)
Fort, West Bold (No. 325)
Fort, Young Bush Wood (No. 337)
Cultivation terraces, Tor Hill (No. 413)
Enclosure, Highland Shiel (No. 437)
Enclosure, Laverlaw (No. 440)
Enclosure, Orchard Rig (No. 452)
Earthwork and enclosures, Plora Craig (No. 453)
Old Parish Church of Kailzie, Kirkburn (No. 472)
Old Parish Church, Traquair (site) (No. 485)
Parish Church, Traquair (No. 486)
Cardrona Tower (No. 493)
Grieston Tower (site) (No. 507)
Tower, Plora Burn (No. 524)
Dovecot, Cardrona (No. 551
Kailzie (site) (No. 568)
Shillinglaw Walls, Kirk House (site) (No. 583)
Traquair House (No. 585)
Scots Mill, Kailzie (No. 590)
Sundials and carved stones, Birkenshaw (No. 593)
Armorial panel and architectural fragments, Cardrona
(No. 596)
Carved stone, Traquair Manse (No. 623)
Old road from Traquair to Craig of Douglas (No.
649)
Old roads from Traquair to Ettrickbank and Yarrow
Ford, by Finch Moor (No. 650)
Old road from Traquair to Yarrow (No. 651)
Old lead-mine, Camp Shiel (No. 656)
Old lead-mine, Grieston (No. 658)
Old quarry, Grieston (No. 659)
St. Bryde's Well (site) (No. 671)
Fethan (site) (No. 678)
TWEEDSMUIR PARISH
Cairn, Giant's Grave, Tweedsmuir (site) (No. 21)
Barrows, Glenwhappen Rig (No. 22)
Cairn, Glenwhappen Rig (No. 23)
Cairn, Nether Oliver (site) (No. 43)
Barrows (possible), Nether Rigs (No. 44)
Cairn, Peddirie Rig (No. 52)
Cairn, Tweedsmuir (No. 62)
Cairn and standing stones, Tweedsmuir (No. 63)
Cist, Menzion (site) (No. 89)
Cist, Oliver (site) (No. 93)
Standing stones, Menzion (No. 105)
Stone circle, Nether Dod (No. 108)
Enclosed cremation cemetery, Weird Law 1 (No. 109)
Enclosed cremation cemeteries, Ewelaw Rig (No. 110)
Enclosed cremation cemeteries, Nether Rigs (No. 111)
Enclosed cremation cemetery, Weird Law 2 (No. 114)
Ring enclosure, Badlieu Rig (No. 119)
Ring enclosures, Menzion (No. 137)
Ring enclosures, Weird Law (No. 146)
Unenclosed platform settlement, Brawn's Dod (No. 149)
Unenclosed platform settlement, Glenwhappen Rig (No.
150)
Unenclosed platform settlement, Badlieu Rig (No. 152)
Unenclosed platform settlement, Craig Law (No. 157)
Unenclosed platform settlement, Glenbreck (No. 158)
Unenclosed platform settlement, Grange Hill (No. 159)
Unenclosed platform settlement, Hawkshaw 1 (No. 161)
Unenclosed platform settlement, Hawkshaw 2 (No. 162)
Unenclosed platform settlement, Hawkshaw 3 (No. 163)
Unenclosed platform settlement, High Hogg Hill (No.
164)
Unenclosed platform settlement, Little Dod (No. 168)
Unenclosed platform settlement, Muckle Knowe (No.
171)
Unenclosed platform settlement, Nether Dod (No. 172)
Unenclosed platform settlement, Oliver (No. 173)
Unenclosed platform settlement, Peddirie Dod 1 (No.
174)
Unenclosed platform settlement, Peddirie Dod 2 (No.
175)
Unenclosed platform settlement, Peddirie Rig (No. 176)
Unenclosed platform settlement, Quarter Hill 1 (No.
177)
Unenclosed platform settlement, Quarter Hill 2 (No. 178)
Unenclosed platform settlement, Rashy Knowe (No. 180)
-- xxxi |
| peeblesshire-1967-vol-1/03_033 |
REGISTER OF MONUMENTS BY PARISHES
Unenclosed platform settlement, The Rig 1 (No. 182)
Unenclosed platform settlement, The Rig 2 (No. 183)
Unenclosed platform settlement, The Rig 3 (No. 184)
Unenclosed platform settlement, The Rig 4 (No. 185)
Unenclosed platform settlement, The Rig 5 (No. 186)
Unenclosed platform settlement, Weird Law (No. 191)
Palisaded enclosure, Glenwhappen Rig (No. 198)
Palisaded settlement, Nether Dod (No. 204)
Homestead, Great Hill (No. 225)
Homestead, Hearthstane (No. 229)
Settlements, Hearthstane (No. 230)
Fort, Nether Oliver Craigs (No. 308)
Fort, Oliver (No. 310)
Fort and enclosure, Whiteside Rig (No. 332)
Scooped homestead, Glenveg (No. 345)
Cultivation terraces, Tweedsmuir (No. 387)
Cultivation terraces, Cockiland Hill (No. 391)
Enclosure, The Chester, Glenrusco (No. 424)
Enclosure, Cockiland Hill (No. 426)
"Enclosure", Glenbreck (No. 431)
Tweed's Cross, Tweedshaws (site) (No. 487)
Old Parish Church, Tweedsmuir (site) (No. 488)
Hawkshaw Castle and Chapel (sites) (No. 509)
Oliver Castle (site) (No. 521)
Bield (No. 546)
Oliver (No. 577)
Carved stone, Glebe Cottage, Tweedsmuir (No. 624)
Bridge, Tweedsmuir (No. 633)
Old roads at the head of the Tweed Valley (No. 652)
Farm-steads, Fruid Water (No. 672)
Farm-steads, Talla Linnfoots (No. 675)
WEST LINTON PARISH
Long cairn, Harlaw Muir (No. 1)
Cairn, Blyth Muir (No. 3)
Cairn, Castle Law (site) (No. 11)
Carin, Fernyhaugh 1 (site) (No. 16)
Cairn, Fernyhaugh 2 (site) (No. 17)
Cairn, Lead Law (site) (No. 37)
Cairn, North Muir (No. 46)
Cairn, "Nether Cairn", North Muir (No. 47)
Cairn, "Upper Cairn", North Muir (No. 48)
Cairn, West Cairn Hill (No. 64)
Cairnfield, North Muir (No. 70)
Cists, Broomlee (sites) (No. 73)
Burial (possible), Carlops (site) (No. 74)
Cists, Carlops Bridge (sites) (No. 75)
Cist, Kippit Hill (site) (No. 84)
Cists, Paulswell (sites) (No. 94)
Enclosed cremation cemetery, Old Deepsykehead (No.
112)
Ring enclosure, Little Mendick Hill (No. 134)
Ring enclosures, Wakefield 1 (No. 144)
Ring enclosure, Wakefield 2 (No. 145)
Ring enclosure, Windy Gowl (No. 147)
Fort and enclosure, Blyth Bank Hill (No. 260)
Fort, Blyth Hill (No. 261)
Cultivation terraces, Carlops Hill (No. 390)
Parish Church, West Linton (No. 489)
"Old Manor House", West Linton (No. 532)
Carlops Village (No. 552)
Ingraston (site) (No. 566)
Old Cairnmuir House, Baddinsgill (No. 576)
West Linton Village (No. 586)
Architectural fragment, Baddinsgill Farm (No. 592)
Bell, Blyth (No. 594)
Architectural fragments, Garvald House Lodge (No.
600)
Architectural fragment, North Slipperfield (No. 607)
Sundial, Paulswell (No. 608)
Architectural fragments, Spitalhaugh (No. 621)
Carved stones and sundial, West Linton (No. 625)
Bridge, South Slipperfield (No. 632)
Roman and later roads, Dolphinton to Carlops (No. 634)
Old road, Blyth Muir to Candyburn (No. 639)
Old road, North Slipperfield to Medwinbank (No. 646)
Old mines and quarries, Carlops (No. 657)
Harbour Craig (No. 660)
"Siller holes", Lead Law (No. 661)
Old quarries near Spitalhaugh (No. 664)
Old quarries between Whitfield and Deepsykehead (No.
666)
Heavenly Aqua Well, Rutherford (No. 668)
NOT CONFINED TO A SINGLE PARISH
Old Manor Bridge (No. 629)
Roman and later roads in Tweeddale and westwards
(No. 635)
Drove road, Cauld Stane Slap to Whiteknowe Head
(No. 636)
Drove road, Dawyck Mill to Glack (No. 637)
Drove roads, to Skirling (No. 638)
Old road, Broughton to Blyth Bridge (No. 640)
Old road, Hyndfordwell (No. 642)
Old roads, Lour (No. 644)
The Thief's Road (No. 648)
Old quarries, Blyth Muir (No. 654)
Old quarries, Broomlee Hill (No. 655)
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| peeblesshire-1967-vol-1/03_037 |
INTRODUCTION
to the Inventory of the Ancient and Historical
Monuments of Peeblesshire
PART I. GENERAL
1. THE LAND AND ITS RESOURCES
Peeblesshire comprises the whole basin of the upper Tweed, upstream from the
Thornylee narrows. The curving course of the main stream, combined with disposi-
tion of two considerable tributaries on the convex side of the curve, gives to the county the
shape of a very irregular triangle, its apex pointing south-west and its base aligned approxi-
mately from north-west to south-east. Its dimensions along these axes are 28 miles and 23 miles
respectively, and its area amounts to 222,240 acres or 347 square miles. The apex of the triangle
rests on the northern edge of Dumfriesshire, at the head of Annandale, while the Upper Ward
of Lanarkshire (the upper Clyde valley) and the western portion of Selkirkshire (St. Mary's
Loch and the Yarrow) flank it respectively on the west and south-east. The base abuts on the
southern margin of Midlothian. The county thus occupies a position in the heart of the South-
ern Uplands, being distant, on the west, about 44 miles from the Firth of Clyde at Ayr, and, on
the east, about 38 miles from the North Sea at Berwick. Its northern margin is less than a dozen
miles from the Firth of Forth.
The land is almost everywhere hilly or mountainous, just over sixty per cent of the area of
the county lying at more than 1000 ft. above sea level. Its lowest point, about 400 ft. O.D., is
on the Tweed just downstream from Thornylee. From here towards the west the Tweed
valley is narrow and rather winding for about 9 miles, being hemmed in on the north by the
steep, broken country of the Moorfoot Hills and on the south by the ridge of the Tweed-
Yarrow watershed. At Innerleithen a long and narrow side-valley brings in the Leithen Water
from the north, and on the south bank, at and near Traquair, there is a small area of open
ground at the foot of the Quair Water. Between Cardrona and Lyne, a stretch of some 7 miles,
there is a larger area of low-lying, open ground, divided into two parts by a contraction of the
valley at the Neidpath gorge. In the lower part the town of Peebles stands at the junction
of the Tweed and the Eddleston Water, while the upper part includes the lower reaches of both
the Manor and Lyne Waters. Most of the hinterland, however, is still mountainous, and espe-
cially the parish of Manor - the Manor Water itself rising under Dollar Law (2680 ft.) and
being closely overlooked by a series of other heights which exceed two thousand feet. The
Eddleston Water, bordered on the east by the Moorfoots and on the west by the lower but not
inconsiderable Cloich hills, together with the Lyne Water to the west of it, give access to a
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INTRODUCTION: GENERAL
block of more open country - Leadburn Moor and the belt of easy slopes at the base of the
Pentland Hills. The north-west corner of the county then extends to the spine of the Pent-
lands, attaining its greatest elevation on West Cairn Hill (1844ft.). Upstream from the inflow
of the Lyne Water, hills once more hem in the main Tweed valley as far as Drumelzier, where
lower-lying, rolling ground spreads out around the mouths of Holms Water, Biggar Water, and
the Kilbucho and Broughton Burns. Above Drumelzier, which lies at about 650 ft. O.D., the
main valley turns southwards and gradually becomes higher and narrower among lofty, steep-
sided hills, reaching the 1000 ft. contour in about 11 miles. The pass into Dumfriesshire lies at
1334 ft. O.D., 3 1/2 miles further south. In this uppermost section the river is largely fed by
right-bank tributaries which rise in the very high ground of the Yarrow and Moffat Water
watersheds. Of these the Talla Water provides a pass into Selkirkshire, on Fans Law, at 1483
ft. O.D.
The geological basis of much of Peeblesshire comprises Ordovician and Silurian rocks, the
former appearing in a wide belt which runs from south-west to north-east along the line of the
Broughton, Cloich and Moorfoot hills, and the latter, which are continuous with the Silurian
formations of Selkirkshire, extending over the whole of the rest of the area to south and south-
east. Lithologically these Ordovician and Silurian formations differ little, as greywacke and
shale greatly predominate in both. The north-western portion of the county, however, shows
entirely different features, as the great fault that marks the edge of the Midland Depression
traverses it approximately on the line of the Leadburn-Skirling road, and the rocks to the north-
west of this belong to the Old Red Sandstone and Lower Carboniferous formations - apart,
that is, from the core of the Pentland Hills which is of Upper Silurian age. As in Selkirkshire
the overlying boulder-clays determine the quality of the soils; and as these clays are locally
derived, the soils of the area north-west of the fault are probably less acid than the rest.
Terrace formations resulting from riverine and glacial action may be seen here and there along
the Tweed and its larger tributaries; these must not be confused with cultivation terraces
produced by human agency (infra, pp. 36ff.).
Virtually the whole of the ground above the 1000ft. contour is classed on the maps of the
Land Utilization Survey as "heath, moorland and rough pasture", while in many places land
of this quality descends as low as 850 ft. O.D. Blocks and strips of "arable land and rotation
grass" mixed with "meadowland and permanent grass" are found below these elevations in the
main valley of the Tweed from Innerleithen past Peebles and Stobo to Drumelzier; in the
valleys of the Eddleston, Lyne, Tarth and Quair Waters and on the lower reaches of the
Manor Water; in the open or rolling country between the Cloich and Pentla+nd Hills; and
round about Kirkurd, Skirling and Broughton. A narrow strip of grassland is indicated along
the haughs of the upper Tweed.
Climatic conditions may be judged from the figures for rainfall and temperature supplied
by the Meteorological Office, Edinburgh. At the low-lying station at Kingsmeadows (525 ft.
O.D.) the mean annual rainfall is 33·3 in., ¹ the driest month being June with 2·03 in. and the
wettest January with 3·63 in.; while at the high-lying station at Gameshope Loch (1900 ft.
1 The figures for rainfall are calculated on the basis of the long-term 35 year average, and those for temperature on the basis of the
long-term 30 year average.
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| peeblesshire-1967-vol-1/03_039 |
INTRODUCTION: GENERAL
O.D.) the mean annual rainfall is 83·2 in., June again being the driest month with 4·95 in. and
January the wettest with 10·22 in. Temperature figures for a high-lying station comparable to
Gameshope Loch are not available, but at the low-lying station at Glentress (850 ft. O.D.) the
mean annual temperature is 46·2° F. / 7·9° C., the warmest month being July (56·5° F. / 13·6° C.)
and the coldest January (34·7° F. / 1·5° C.)
The chief natural resource of the county is its hill pasture, which is largely given over to sheep
farming. Although abundant traces of cultivation terraces and rig-and-furrow ploughing
indicate that a great deal of the marginal land under 1200 ft. O.D. has been tilled in former
times, the amount of arable land is now extremely small in proportion to the rest; for the most
part it is not of very good quality, and the crops grown are mainly used for feeding stock. The
only industry of any importance is the manufacture of woollen goods, which is carried on in
mill at Peebles, Innerleithen and Walkerburn. Sand and gravel is worked in several places, and
a quarry at Edston produces road metal. But a number of other industries that are discussed in
the body of the Inventory - the coal and lead mines at the northern end of the county, the
sandstone and limestone quarries at Broomlee and Macbiehill, and the Grieston slate quarry -
have all been discontinued.
The old roads of which traces still remain are discussed below,¹ and here it is sufficient to
point out that Peeblesshire lies at the junction of two natural lines of communication. Of these
the east to west route, formed by the valleys of Tweed and the Biggar Water, links Lauderdale
with Clydesdale, and was sufficiently important in early times to be incorporated in the Roman
road system. On the other hand the north to south route from Midlothian to Annandale by
way of the upper Tweed was probably little used until the Middle Ages, the Roman road
builders, like the later railway engineers, preferring the easier, if less direct, passage into
Dunfriesshire afforded by Beattock Summit.
2. THE PEOPLE
From the geographical considerations outlined above, it follows that Peeblesshire is a region
open primarily to influences coming up the Tweed from the east coast, but secondarily to
others from Midlothian, and to others again from Strathclyde through the Biggar Gap. At the
time of the Roman invasion of Scotland in A.D. 79 or 80 the county formed part of the lands of
the Selgovae. ² Occupying a large block of hill country in the centre of the Southern Uplands,
the Selgovae were flanked on the east by the Votadini and on the north-west by the Damnonii.
Our earliest historical sources suggest that in the 5th to 6th centuries the representatives of
these last two states were Gododdin (the name derives from Votadini) and Strathclyde, centred
respectively on Edinburgh and Dumbarton. The territory of the Selgovae may have been
largely absorbed into the kingdom of Rheged, centred on Carlisle, but there is nothing to
show to which of the three kingdoms Peeblesshire belonged at that time.
The inhabitants at this stage were certainly Britons (no doubt with some degree of super-
ficial Romanisation), and speakers of British, and it is they and their descendants who were
responsible for the Brittonic or "Cumbric" place-names of the region. For instance Peebles is
1 Pp. 36 f., 47 f. and relative Inventory articles.
2 Cf. pp. 32 ff.
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| peeblesshire-1967-vol-1/03_040 |
INTRODUCTION: GENERAL
the same word as Welsh pebyll "tent", or "tents", and Traquair and Trahenna contain trev
"hamlet". A striking example is Penteiacob and its variant Peniacob, the oldest name of what is
now Eddleston. These are perfect Cumbric forms and apparently late ones; the former means
"Jacob's Outhouses" and the latter "Jacob's Hill". These people had already acquired some
knowledge of Latin letters and of Christianity, ultimately as an aspect of their Romanisation
and perhaps proximately through the medium of the shadowy post-Roman "Ninianic" church
in southern Scotland. The 5th-6th century orans figure from Over Kirkhope and the early 6th
century Yarrowkirk inscription, both across the boundary in Selkirkshire,¹ bear witness to this;
and so, within Peeblesshire itself, does the more or less contemporary Manor Water stone (No.
376) with its Cumbric names, its Latin letters, and its cross.
From the middle of the 6th century a new factor profoundly disturbed the balance of the
population in south-east Scotland, when the settlements of the Angles of Bernicia began to
penetrate the lower Tweed valley. By 638 they had probably completed the overthrow of
Gododdin with the capture of Edinburgh ² and already before 650 a Hiberno-Anglian monastery
was founded at Old Melrose as a consequence of the conversion of Northumbria from Iona in
635. The Anglian occupation can be clearly plotted by the distribution of numerous early
place-names in Mid - and East Lothian, Berwickshire, and Roxburghshire, such as Haddington,
Whittingehame, Coldingham, Mersington and Oxnam, but it is very striking that there is nothing
of the sort to be found in Peeblesshire. The probable inference is that the Angles cannot have
settled in the county in any strength before the 9th century, if then. ³ In spite of the geographi-
cal fact that the upper Tweed valley is merely an extension of the lower, and that one of its
back doors opened on Midlothian via West Linton, it looks very much as if the Angles had
occupied physically at this time only the open country of the lower Tweed and Teviot below
Melrose and Hawick, and that few had really penetrated the agriculturally unattractive upper
Tweed region or the West Linton area, supported as these may have been by the powerful
Cumbric state of Strathclyde just west of the Biggar-Drumelzier gap. A close parallel may be
seen in the Welsh border country, where the Mercians settled the plain right up to the foot of
the Welsh mountains but did not penetrate the, to them unattractive, mountainous upper
valleys of the Dee, Severn, Wye, etc., in spite of the fact that they are geographically westward
extensions from the plain. These too were supported from behind by British states to the
west.
The subsequent history of the region down to the Norman period may be thought to have
consisted of three phases. Down to the end of the 9th century Northumbria evidently consoli-
dated its power south of the Forth, so that only Strathclyde retained its independence, and
Peeblesshire must have been within the Northumbrian sphere of control if not of settlement.
The second phase begins with the Northumbrian collapse brought about by the Scandinavian
occupations of parts of Yorkshire, Cumberland, and Westmorland, in the latter half of the 9th
century. As a result of this collapse it appears that Strathclyde was subsequently able to extend
1 Inventory of Selkirkshire, Nos. 65 and 174.
2 See "Edinburgh and the Anglian Occupation of Lothian", in
The Anglo-Saxons (ed. P. Clemoes), 35 ff.
3 The Commission is much indebted to Dr. W. Nicolaisen of
the Scottish Place-Name Survey of the School of Scottish
Studies (Edinburgh University) for some valuable information
on the early English place-names of south-east Scotland. See
also his article "Celts and Anglo-Saxons in the Scottish Border
Counties" in Scottish Studies, viii (1964), pp. 141 ff.
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| peeblesshire-1967-vol-1/03_041 |
INTRODUCTION: GENERAL
itself southwards right through north-west Northumbria and past Carlisle to Cumberland,
probably near the beginning of the 10th century. By about 960 the Northumbrians had had to
abandon Lothian as far east as Edinburgh and Inveresk to the Gaelic Scots, and in 975 they
were obliged to cede to the Scots the whole of what was still left them in southern Scotland as
far as the Tweed - a cession which was permanently confirmed at the defeat of Carham in 1016
or 1018.
The position of Peeblesshire in all this is unclear. If the Angles had scarcely settled the
region by the 9th-10th centuries, as the place-names suggest, they are not likely to have done
so in force during the second phase, and it seems probable that, like Dunfriesshire and parts of
Cumberland, the county fell wholly under the control of Strathclyde at this time and that the
Brittonic character of the population was therefore fortified. That this really happened, and
that the county did not form part of the region ceded to the Scots, seems to be suggested by the
fact that when we first see a clear picture of the diocesan organisation Peeblesshire was part of
the bishopric of Glasgow, not of that of St. Andrews which had inherited the remnant of the
English diocese of Lindisfarne (later Durham) in south-east Scotland.
Nevertheless Peeblesshire must have been undergoing a considerable Gaelicisation, so far
as a class of landowning overlords was concerned, already in the later part of the second phase.
Gaelic influences would penetrate south from Midlothian from about 960; moreover they would
come from the west too, for Strathclyde itself was under Gaelic control during the middle of
the 10th century and was eventually more or less integrated into the Gaelic kingdom of "Scot-
land" early in the 11th. As a result, southern Scotland must have been settled in the 10th-11th
centuries by an influx of Gaelic-speaking colonists to whom lands were granted, as appears
from the considerable number of Gaelic place-names, notably those of land-holdings, through-
out the region (Peeblesshire has more than twice as many Gaelic names as Cumbric), though
they are distinctly less common in Berwickshire and Roxburghshire. Good examples in Peebles-
shire are Romanno, Garvald, Fingland, and the various Kips; respectively Rath Manach "the
Rath of the Monks", Garbhallt "the Rough Dingle", Finnghlenn "the Fair Glen", and Cep
"the Block".
The third phase is only beginning at the end of the Dark Ages. Both Cumbric and Gaelic
eventually died out throughout southern Scotland, and this was due ultimately to a revival and
spread of the English element, which was fortified and encouraged as a consequence of the
policy of the sons of Malcolm III and Queen Margaret, notably David I. The whole situation is
neatly summarised by the history of the names for Eddleston. At first this was the Cumbric
Penteiacob or Peniacob, by the 12th century it was called Gillemorestun, and Peniacob is then
said to have been its name "formerly" and "long ago". The implication is that it had become
the property of a Gaelic overlord called Gille Moire ("the Servant of St. Mary"), and that the
local population therefore called it "Gille Moire's tun"; also that that population itself was
English-speaking. Then, at some time before 1189, it was granted to one Edulf son of Utred,
both English names, and was therefore re-named "Edulf's tun". Here are Cumbric, Gaelic, and
"Inglis" names in due chronological order, and the total omission of early Anglian is significant
and symbolical. "Edulf's tun" is demonstrably a late 12th-century name, and the fact is that
none of the other early English names in the county, such as Edston, Wormiston, etc., need
necessarily be any older than the 11th-12th centuries. A list of personal names of certain
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| peeblesshire-1967-vol-1/03_042 |
INTRODUCTION: GENERAL
people living round Peebles about 1200 ¹ contains not only English but also a number of Gaelic
ones, such as Gille Mihhel, Patricius, Gille Crist, etc. Moreover, there are a few with the
element Cos- prefixed to those of saints, such as Cosmungho and Cospatricius. This is the
Cumbric word gwas "servant", used in exactly the same was as gille, but it is notable that
except for Mungo the saints are those of the Hiberno-Anglian church. It seems that the
Britons of Peeblesshire and their language were by now nothing but a memory.
The conclusion appears to be that the population of the county was predominantly British,
and Cumbric-speaking, without any considerable Anglian intermixture, until perhaps about
the late 10th century, though it had no doubt been under Northumbrian suzerainty since the
middle of the 7th; that from the later part of the 10th century it began to undergo and increas-
ing Gaelicisation; that this was countered by an ever-growing Anglicisation from the later 11th
and specially in the 12th century and thereafter; that Cumbric was very likely wholly obliter-
ated by the combination of these two influences in the 11th century; but that Gaelic may have
continued to be heard there even as late as the 13th century.
3. MEDIEVAL AND LATER LANDHOLDERS ²
(i) The Crown. In early medieval times the Scottish Crown possessed considerable interests in
Peeblesshire, principally in the eastern part of the county. Apart from the royal castle of Peebles
and the adjacent burgh, which are on record by the middle of the 12th century (cf. No. 523),
the county incorporated an extensive area of royal demesne, comprising the greater part of the
present parishes of Innerleithen and Traquair. Traquair itself, a royal manor, was an occasion-
al residence of Scottish kings during the 12th and 13th centuries and the seat of an early
sheriffdom. These lands were erected into a royal "forest" in the 12th century, becoming part
of the larger unit sometimes described as the Forest of Selkirk, Ettrick and Traquair; they were
thus brought under forest law and a forest administration designed to preserve them as
hunting-grounds for the King. The greater part of the parish of Innerleithen was granted to the
monastery of Newbattle by Alexander II in 1241, and Traquair appears to have been alienated
before the end of the 14th century, but the remaining area of royal demesne continued to form
part of the Forest of Ettrick until the 16th century when the introduction of feu-farm tenures
brought an end to royal control over the area as a Forest. A detailed account of the administra-
tive organisation of the Forest, together with a map showing the distribution of the various
forest-steads, will be found in the Commission's Inventory of Selkirkshire. ³
(ii) The Church. The only medieval monastic foundation in Peeblesshire was the Cross
Kirk, Peebles (No. 480), which was founded by Alexander III following the discovery of a
"magnificent and venerable" cross at Peebles in 1261. The church first appears on record in
1296, when Friar Thomas, master of the house of the Holy Rood of Peebles, swore fealty to
Edward I at Berwick. ⁴ At first the foundation seems to have been non-conventual, comprising
a chapel served either by a secular priest or, more usually, by a friar or friars. These chaplains
were responsible for the safe keeping of the cross, which soon began to draw large numbers of
1 Registrum Episcopatus Glasguensis (Bannatyne Club), i, 89.
2 Except where otherwise stated in the material in this section is
derived from J. W. Buchan's History of Peeblesshire.
3 Inventory of Selkirkshire, pp. 4 ff. and Fig. 3.
4 C.D.S., ii, No. 823, p. 212.
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| peeblesshire-1967-vol-1/03_043 |
INTRODUCTION: GENERAL
pilgrims. In view of the later history of the house it may be assumed that the friars were mem-
bers of the Order of Trinitarians, although they are not so described until the middle of the
15th century. ¹ At first a yearly payment appears to have been made to the keeper of the Holy
Cross from Crown revenues, ² but in the middle of the 15th century, when more information
becomes available, payments were being made by the bailies and community of Peebles, who
evidently controlled the benefice at this period. ³ Considerable light is thrown upon the adminis-
tration of the Cross Kirk by a petition presented to the Pope by the bailies and inhabitants of
Peebles in 1463. The petition related that "at a time beyond the memory of man a certain piece
of the true Cross of our Lord was miraculously translated from beyond the seas to the chapel of
the Holy Cross near the said town of Pebelys, and that thenceforward the said bailies and
inhabitants caused the said relic to be honourably preserved with the greatest devotion, some-
times by a secular priest, sometimes by a Trinitarian friar, removable at their pleasure, who had
the custody of the said relic and the necklaces, jewels and treasures kept in the said chapel;
that for the last fifteen years some of the friars of the said order have, by leave of the said
bailies and inhabitants, governed the chapel, but that lately the bailies and inhabitants (per-
ceiving that, as was manifest, on account of the neglect of the said friars, the said relic, neck-
laces and jewels were often diminished, and that a certain part of the relic had been cut off, and
that it was feared that it might be stolen by the said friars and carried away to other parts)
expelled the said friars". ⁴ The Pope confirmed this action of the burgh and ordered that the
chapel should be erected into a perpetual benefice for a secular priest or clerk; the bailies and
inhabitants of Peebles were to have the rights of patronage and presentation.
Shortly afterwards, however, further and more drastic changes were made in the constitu-
tion of the house, which in 1474 was erected into a conventual monastery of the Trinitarian
Order by James III, the Trinitarian house of Berwick being annexed to it for this purpose. ⁵
Previously the church seems to have been sparsely endowed, but after it was raised to conven-
tual status it began to receive further grants of land and revenues, including property in the
burgh and parish of Peebles, while two more Trinitarian houses, Dunbar and Houston, with
their East Lothian estates, were annexed to it before the middle of the 16th century. ⁶ The
community was dispersed in about 1561 and the church taken over for parochial use; the lands
formerly belonging to the monastery passed to the Hays of Yester in 1624. ⁷
The only other religious house in the county was St. Leonard's Hospital (No. 482), situated
at Eshiels, about two miles east of Peebles. This was a small and relatively unimportant
foundation possessing a little property at Eshiels, together with a few houses within the burgh. ⁸
These properties seem to have passed to the Hays of Smithfield even before the hospital was
secularised at about the end of the 16th century, and they formed part of the Smithfield estate
until 1729.
In addition to the lands held by the two religious houses founded within the county, the
Church also possessed extensive territorial rights in Peeblesshire as a result of grants made to
1 Renwick, R., Aisle and Monastery: St. Mary of Geddes Aisle
in the Parish Church of Peebles; and the Church and Monastery
of the Holy Cross of Peebles, 28, quoting Nat. Lib. of Scot. MS.
29.4.2. (Hutton Collection), vol. iii, pt. 2.
2 Exch. Rolls, i (1264-1359), 71, 353, 517.
3 Peebles Chrs., 115 f., 148.
4 C.P.L., xii (1458-71), 168 ff.
5 Renwick, op. cit., 71 ff., quoting Nat. Lib. of Scot. MS. 29.4.2.
(Hutton Collection), vol. iii, pt. 2; cf. also C.P.L., xiii (1471-84),
pt. 2, 491.
6 Renwick, op. cit., 32 ff.; Easson, Religious Houses, 91 f.
7 R.M.S., viii (1620-33), No. 570.
8 Renwick, R., Peebles: Burgh and Parish in Early History, 100.
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| peeblesshire-1967-vol-1/03_044 |
INTRODUCTION: GENERAL
the Cistercian monastery of Newbattle and to the bishopric of Glasgow. As already noted,
Alexander II gave the valley of the Leithen Water to the monks of Newbattle in 1241, the
monastery retaining these lands until Reformation, when they passed to the Ker family.
Newbattle also received grants of land in the neighbourhood of Romanno during the 12th and
early 13th centuries, and at one time held nearly the whole of the northern portion of the
parish of Newlands. At the time of Earl David's inquisition of about 1120 the vill of Penteia-
cob, or Eddleston, was already included among the possessions of the see of Glasgow. This
property, which comprised a considerable area of land on the east side of the Eddleston
Water, was erected into the barony of White Barony, or Eddleston, before 1369, and was not
alienated until towards the end of the 16th century, after which it soon passed into the posses-
sion of the neighbouring proprietors, the Murrays of Blackbarony. The manor of Stobo, too,
was in the hands of the bishops of Glasgow by the beginning of the 12th century, and remained
in their keeping throughout the medieval period, passing in the 17th century to the Murrays of
Halmyre and Stanhope.
(iii) The Great Families. Although few Peeblesshire families of the early medieval period
have any recorded history, some mention should be made of the Frasers of Oliver, who were
established in Upper Tweeddale by about the beginning of the 13th century, when Oliver
Castle (No. 521) first comes on record. The family rapidly rose to prominence within the county
and were frequent, if not hereditary, holders of the sheriffdom, and proprietors of the greater
part of the present parish of Tweedsmuir, as well as of the lands of Jedderfield, later known as
Neidpath. The male line of the family terminated abruptly with the capture and execution of
Sir Simon Fraser, a supporter of Bruce, in 1307, and the marriage of Mary Fraser to Sir
Gilbert de Haya of Locherworth brought the Neidpath estates, and part of the lands of Oliver,
to a family who were already Peeblesshire landowners in a small way, and were to become
increasingly prominent within the county during the later Middle Ages.
The territorial designation of the Hayas, or Hays, derived from their Midlothian property
of Locherworth, later known as Borthwick, but with the marriage of Sir Thomas de Haya to
an heiress of the Giffords of Yester in the later 14th century the family acquired an estate in
East Lothian, and made this their principal residence, ultimately becoming known as the Hays
of Yester, In Peeblesshire, the Hays had already established themselves as hereditary sheriffs
by about the end of the 14th century, and had erected a suitably imposing tower-house (No.
519) on their Jedderfield estate, about a mile above Peebles. During the course of the next three
centuries the family steadily extended its rights and possessions within the county, particularly
in the parishes of Tweedsmuir and Peebles, and when John, 8th Lord Hay of Yester, received
an earldom in in 1646 he took as his designation the title of Earl of Tweeddale. The family
severed its connection with the county in 1686 when the 2nd Earl of Tweeddale, an important
figure in Restoration politics and the originator of a considerable scheme of improvements at
Neidpath Castle (cf. No. 519), was compelled by financial embarrassment to sell the whole of
his Peeblesshire estates. These properties were purchased by the 1st Duke of Queensberry, and
ultimately passed by descent to the Earls of Wemyss and March.
Among the cadet branches of the Hays of Yester the most notable Peeblesshire representa-
tives were the families of Smithfield and Haystoun. In 1502 John Hay, second son of John,
2nd Lord Yester, acquired part of the lands of Smithfield, now known as Venlaw, on the north
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INTRODUCTION: GENERAL
side of the burgh of Peebles. The family property was considerably extended during the 16th
century, ultimately including, among other possessions, the lands formerly belonging to St.
Leonard's Hospital at Eshiels. In 1635 James Hay of Smithfield, who had been a member of
James VI's household in London, was created a baronet of Nova Scotia. Thereafter he fell
heavily into debt, leaving a burdened inheritance to his successor, and the estate was broken up
during the second half of the 17th century, some of the property passing to the Hays of Hays-
toun; in the absence of male heirs the baronetcy became dormant. Andrew Hay, Writer to the
Signet, the founder of the Haystoun line, was a grandson of John Hay, 1st of Smithfield; he
acquired the lands of Henderstoun, about a mile south of Peebles, and re-named them Hays-
toun. These lands, together with some neighbouring properties, were erected into a barony in
1643, but the estate went on expanding during the time of John Hay, 2nd of Haystoun, who
was also responsible for carrying out alterations to the mansion-house (No. 563). The family
continued to prosper during the 18th and 19th centuries, and in 1805 a successful claim to the
dormant baronetcy of Smithfield was made by James Hay, whose direct descendant, the pre-
sent holder of the title, now resides at Haystoun.
The most notable family in the eastern sector of the county were the Stewarts (or Stuarts)
of Traquair whose progenitor, James Stewart, a son of the 1st Earl of Buchan, received a grant
of the property from his father in 1492. During the 16th century the family played little part in
national affairs and their domestic history was uneventful, but they quickly rose to prominence
during the reign of Charles I. John, 7th of Traquair, an active supporter of the Crown, was
created Earl of Traquair in 1633 and became Lord High Treasurer of Scotland three years
later; his later political career was less successful, however, and he died in poverty. The 2nd
Earl made a Catholic marriage and thereafter the family maintained their allegiance to the
Roman church despite sporadic persecution, which culminated in the sacking of Traquair
House in 1688 (cf. p. 322). Their strong Jacobite sympathies brought further difficulties upon
them, during the 18th century and the later Earls lived for the most part in retirement, either
upon their estates or abroad. On the death of the 8th and last Earl in 1861 the estate passed to
the Maxwells of Terregles who assumed the name of Stuart by virtue of their descent from
Charles, 4th Earl of Traquair.
The Peeblesshire connections of the Douglases of Morton seem to have originated in the
early 14th century when they acquired rights and property in the parish of West Linton. Their
original holding was consolidated and extended by grants of lands in other parts of the county,
and in 1383 the West Linton properties, together with the lands of Newlands, Kirkurd and
Lochurd, were erected into a free regality in favour of Sir James Douglas, 1st Lord Dalkeith,
whose grandson was created Earl of Morton in 1458. The most notable member of the family
was James, 4th Earl of Morton, the builder of Drochil Castle (No. 498), who was successively
Chancellor, Regent and Lord High Admiral of Scotland before his sudden downfall, and
subsequent execution and attainder on a charge of high treason in 1581. After the reversion of
the attainder in 1586 the earldom passed to another branch of the Douglases, and the family
fortunes were temporarily restored by William, 7th Earl of Morton, a staunch supporter of
James VI and Charles I and Lord High Treasurer of Scotland from 1630 to 1636. In 1631 this
Earl sold all his Peeblesshire estates to Sir John Stewart, afterwards 1st Earl of Traquair, who
eventually succeeded Morton in the office of Treasurer.
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INTRODUCTION: GENERAL
Another important family were the Murrays of Blackbarony, who were descended from the
Murrays of Falahill, Selkirkshire. John Murray was in possession of lands in the parish of
Eddleston by 1506, and the estate was considerably enlarged by his two immediate successors
who, between them, held Blackbarony for more than a century; the fourth laird, Archibald
Murray, obtained a baronetcy of Nova Scotia in 1628. The family reached the height of its
power and influence during the time of Sir Alexander Murray, laird from 1700 to 1742, who
could reckon himself the proprietor of almost the entire parish of Eddleston; he it was who
remodelled the old tower-house of Darnhall, giving it more of the character of a quiet country-
seat (cf. No. 547). In 1771 the estate passed under entail to a cadet branch of the family, the
Murrays of Elibank, who held it until comparatively recent years. Among other but more
distantly related branches of the family that flourished in Peeblesshire mention may be made
of the Murrays of Romanno, of Halmyre and of Stanhope.
Another family having branches in different parts of the county were the Tweedies, who
were established at Drumelzier by the early years of the 14th century. They soon became
prominent throughout Upper Tweeddale, and during the 16th century the Tweedies of
Drumelzier and their kinsmen of Oliver, Fruid, Wrae and Dreva, were notorious both for
their mutual disputes and for their bitter and long-standing feuds with neighbouring families
such as the Flemings and the Veitches. The Drumelzier branch, the most troublesome of all,
did not long survive the pacification of the Borders during the reign of James VI and, falling
into debt, were compelled to part with their estates, most of which passed to the Hays of Yester
and Neidpath. The Tweedies of Fruid, Wrae and Dreva disappeared at about the same time,
only the Oliver branch of the family retaining its position up to the present century.
Brief accounts of other well-known Peeblesshire families such as the Burnets of Barns and
the Naesmyths of Posso, whose history cannot be mentioned in detail here, will be found in the
appropriate sections of the text. Special reference should, however, be made to the Pennecuicks
of Romanno, who, although established in Peeblesshire for barely more than a generation,
nevertheless furnished the county with its earliest published descriptive record in Dr. Alex-
ander Pennecuik's Geographical, Historical Description of the Shire of Tweeddale, which
appeared in 1715.
4. BURGHS
(i) Peebles. Peebles is known to have been a royal burgh in 1152-3, when David I assigned a
rent from the firma burgi to the chapel of the castle (cf. No. 523), but there is ample evidence to
indicate the existence of an organised settlement at Peebles before the 12th century. The
discovery in 1261 of an Early Christian monument on the site now occupied by the Cross
Kirk (cf. No. 480) is not without significance. Moreover, the medieval parish-church of St.
Andrew, like the Cross Kirk itself, lay not within the royal burgh, but on the north side of the
Eddleston Water, within the area that has been known as the "old town" since at least as early
as the end of the 15th century, when documentary evidence first becomes available. It is
uncertain when St. Andrew's Church was founded and it comes on record only in 1195 (cf. No.
481), but the location of the church indicates clearly enough that it antedates the royal burgh.
Indeed, the burgh, with its adjacent royal castle occupying a defensive position on high
ground at the confluence of the River Tweed and the Eddleston Water, bears all the marks of
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INTRODUCTION: GENERAL
being a new foundation and may probably be ascribed to David I, at the end of whose reign it
first appeared in the records. After the erection of the new royal burgh the earlier settlement on
the other side of the Eddleston Water would in course of time come to be known as the "old
town", but it remained a place of some importance, for its two churches in turn served both
burgh and parish until the end of the 18th century. ¹ A close parallel to the early history of
Peebles occurs at Selkirk, where a vetus villa lying close to the River Ettrick was superseded in
or after the 12th century by a burgh situated beside a royal castle to which it evidently owed its
origin. ²
The later development of Peebles is set out in considerable detail in J. W. Buchan's History
of Peeblesshire, and for the purposes of this Inventory it will be sufficient simply to draw atten-
tion to some of the principal factors in the town's history; the topographical development of
the burgh is discussed under No. 539.
Peebles never became a place of any great political importance. Although a royal burgh and
the head town of a sheriffdom by the 12th century, Peebles was not a site of great strategical
significance and its royal castle (No. 523), after playing a very minor part in the Wars of Inde-
pendence, disappeared during the 14th century. Nevertheless, the town was not sufficiently
secluded to escape periodic visitations from beyond the Border, being burnt by English armies
on at least three occasions between the end of the 14th century and the middle of the 16th
century. Lacking effective protection from the castle, the town had to rely on its own defences,
which at first comprised no more than the continuous "heid dykes" of the burgess tofts,
punctuated by fortified gateways or "ports", but which from about 1574 until about the middle
of the 18th century comprised a properly designed town-wall (No. 544). The upkeep of these
defences, together with the maintenance of the town's three main bridges, one over the Tweed
(No. 630) and two over the Eddleston Water, made continual demands upon the slender
financial resources of the burgh.
Occasional royal visits to Peebles are on record from the 12th century onwards, for the
burgh lay close to the favoured hunting-grounds of Ettrick Forest. Such visits are known to have
been particularly frequent in the 16th century, when hunting excursions were often combined
with punitive expeditions designed to put down lawlessness and disorder in neighbouring
parts of the Borders, while at the same period the town sometimes served as a mustering point
for armies preparing to meet English raids. The Union of the Crowns and the pacification of
the Borders gave the burgh at least some respite from the constant threat of invasion, although
a detachment of Cromwell's army occupied the town for some months during the Civil War,
and a small body of Highlanders encamped there in 1745.
Almost nothing is known about trade in medieval Peebles, but the burgh's charters of
privileges contained the usual clauses stipulating a certain number of annual fairs together with
a weekly market. The shrine at the Cross Kirk must, however, have been a useful source of
revenue to the burgh, being "lang syne verie celebrate throuch frequent and oft peregrina-
tione"; ³ pilgrimages, in fact, continued until the early 17th century (cf. No. 480). Such trade
as there may have been was probably centred upon the traditional Tweeddale products of
1 The burgh also contained a chapel, founded in the third quarter
of the 14th century and dedicated to the Blessed Virgin Mary,
but this appears to have gone out of ecclesiastical use at the
Reformation. Peebles Chrs., 8; Buchan, Peeblesshire, ii, 187.
2 Inventory of Selkirkshire, p. 11.
3 Bishop Leslie, The Historie of Scotland (1578), S.T.S. ed., i, 19.
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INTRODUCTION: GENERAL
wool and cloth, carried from Peebles to Edinburgh, Leith, Berwick, and other centres by pack-
horse, as was the wool from the king's sheep in Ettrick Forest in the 16th century. ¹ Halyburton's
Ledger of 1492-1503 records the export of a type of cloth, known as "Peebles white", to
Antwerp where it was to be dyed red. ² But the surviving records certainly do not suggest that
the burgh enjoyed any great prosperity as a trading centre, and when the first detailed report
becomes available at the end of the 17th century it is stated that "they have no forraigne trade,
and that ther inland trade is verrie mean and inconsiderable". ³ The only incorporated trade
was that of the weavers, who received a seal of cause in 1563, but the crafts of cordiners,
tailors, hammermen, whipmen and men-servants were also granted certain privileges during
the 17th and 18th centuries.
In 1572 "Peblis tovne" was represented at a weapon-showing by 140 men, ⁴ while about
forty years later the stent rolls enumerate 133 householders; ⁵ Buchan's suggestion that the
total population of the burgh at the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries numbered "perhaps
about 1000" ⁶ is thus unlikely to be an over-estimate. Nor did the town expand much in the
17th and 18th centuries, although the author of the Statistical Account, writing in 1794, was
able to report that "woolen, linen, and cotton weavers are making greater exertions, and larger
houses are built for them," and to note the recent establishment of a lint mill and of a distillery
nearby. ⁷ At that time the population of the old and new towns together numbered 1480, and
by 1830 it had risen only to 2100; ⁸ five years later the Commissioners of Municipal Corpora-
tions reported that "Peebles is an inland town, and not distinguished for any trade or manu-
facture. It is not increasing in population". ⁹ In the second half of the 19th century, however,
the successful establishment of the woollen industry brought a new prosperity to the town, and
in a period of fairly rapid expansion the population more than doubled itself in half a century.
At the same time communications were improved by the advent of the railway and the town
began to attract attention as a health resort, a hydropathic establishment being opened in 1878.
(ii) Innerleithen. Innerleithen, the only other burgh in the county, began to develop as a
centre of textile manufacture at the end of the 18th century, the initial impetus being provided
by Alexander Brodie, a wealthy iron-master, who established a woollen factory
(No. 588) there+ in 1788-90 "from the patriotic purpose of promoting a spirit of industry in the
vicinity of the place which gave him birth". ¹⁰ At about the same time the medicinal properties
of the local mineral springs began to acquire some celebrity, and their popularity was enhanced
by the identification of Innerleithen as the setting of Sir Walter Scott's novel St. Ronan's Well,
published in 1827. With the introduction of steam power in the second quarter of the 19th
century the textile industry expanded, and a number of new factories were erected (cf. No.
589); the village had by now far outgrown its original nucleus in the vicinity of the parish
church, and with an increasing population and developing manufactures a successful applica-
tion for burgh status was made in 1868. ¹¹
1 T.A., vi (1531-8), 261.
2 Ledger of Andrew Halyburton, 1492-1503, lxxii and 275.
3 Register containeing The State and Condition of Every Burgh
within the Kingdome of Scotland, in the year 1692, in Miscellany
of The Scottish Burgh Records Society (1881), 126 ff.
4 Peebles Chrs., 339 ff.
5 Renwick, R., The Burgh of Peebles: Gleanings from its Records,
1604-52 (2nd ed., 1912), 27 f.
6 Buchan, Peeblesshire, ii, 32.
7 Stat. Acct., xii, 1 ff.
8 N.S.A., iii (Peeblesshire), 12.
9 Reports of Commissioners on Municipal Corporations, xxiii
(1835-6), Local Reports, part II, 293.
10 Stat. Acct., xix (1797), 598
11 Buchan, Peeblesshire, ii, 424 ff.
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PART II. THE MONUMENTS
1. THE MESOLITHIC PERIOD
The evidence for Mesolithic occupation in Peeblesshire is confined to scattered surface
finds of flint and chert implements, the principal find-spots being in the vicinities of
Peebles and West Linton. ¹ These artifacts belong to a predominantly microlithic industry,
having affinities with the Sauveterrain of France, and comparable in some respects with the
microlithic industries of northern England. ² They represent small groups of nomadic hunters
and fishers who penetrated into the basin of the River Tweed during the fifth and fourth
millennia B.C. and made their way upstream as far as Drumelzier; from there they reached the
valley of the River Clyde by way of the Biggar Gap.
2. THE NEOLITHIC PERIOD (FIG. I)
The only monument in this Inventory that may be assigned to the Neolithic period is the
Long Cairn on Harlaw Muir (No. 1). Although the cairn is now in a very ruinous condition,
there is no trace of any internal chamber, and it may belong to the North British group of long
cairns apparently without chambers. ³ These range in distribution from the West Riding of
Yorkshire, Cumberland and Northumberland, through Dumfriesshire, Roxburghshire and
Berwickshire, to as far north as Aberdeenshire. Little is known about them, but what evidence
there is suggests that they may be the equivalent, in stone, of the classic series of unchambered
long barrows belonging to the Windmill Hill culture.
Only one small sherd of Neolithic pottery is recorded from the county; it is of Secondary
Neolithic Peterborough ware and was found in a cist under a cairn (No. 14), in association
with a Cord Zoned Beaker, a fragment of a second Beaker, a flint saw and thirteen flakes of
flint and chert. Several dozen leaf-shaped flint arrowheads, and about ninety stone axes, are
now in the collections of the National Museum of Antiquities of Scotland, the Hunterian
Museum, Glasgow, and the Peebles Museum. More than 60% of the flint and stone objects
come from the vicinity of West Linton, but this no doubt simply due to the fact that local
antiquaries such as Adam Sim of Culter, who formed a large collection of relics from Lanark-
shire and Peeblesshire during the middle of last century, tended to concentrate their attention
upon that region.
3. THE BRONZE AGE (FIG. I)
The arrival of the earliest peoples using copper or bronze at the beginning of the second
millennium B.C. is marked by a radical change in burial practice, the Neolithic tradition of
1 Lacaille, A. D., The Stone Age in Scotland, 161, fig. 58.
2 P.P.S., xxi (1955), 14.
3 Piggott, S., The Neolithic Cultures of the British Isles, 270.
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INTRODUCTION: THE BRONZE AGE
collective burial being replaced by the custom of individual inhumation in a cist or grave,
sometimes beneath a round cairn or barrow. These single-grave folk also introduced new types
of pottery vessels, termed Beakers, while their skeletal remains exhibit pronounced physical
differences from those of the earlier Neolithic peoples.
No Bronze Age settlements have so far been identified in Peeblesshire, ¹ but more than one
hundred round cairns and barrows are recorded in the Inventory; this figure does not include
the group of small cairns on the North Muir (No. 70), which are thought to be the products of
field clearance. The term "cairn" is here used to describe both cairns built exclusively of stones
e.g. (Nos. 9, 10, 67) and those composed of a mixture of stones and earth (e.g. Nos. 26, 27, 33);
the term "barrow" is reserved for earthen burial-mounds. It is unfortunate that so little
scientific excavation has been done as yet in Scotland on Bronze Age cairns. The few examples
however, that have been systematically examined in recent years, notably that on Cairnpapple
Hill, West Lothian, ² have revealed that the internal structure may be extremely complicated,
and may reflect different phases of use extending over a long time-span.
Of the Peeblesshire cairns only one (No. 14) has been excavated. ³ The earliest burial found
under it was in a cist, and was accompanied by a Cord Zoned Beaker (Pl. 3A) and a sherd of
Secondary Neolithic pottery. The association of Neolithic and Beaker wares is comparatively
rare, and this instance confirms the generally accepted opinion that the makers of Cord Zoned
Beakers were among the first of the Beaker peoples to reach Scotland from the Netherlands,
probably at the beginning of the second millennium B.C. Subsequently secondary burials were
inserted into the cairn, some accompanied by vessels of Cinerary Urn type which probably date
to the latter half of the second millennium B.C. Thus the cairn may have been periodically in
use for the best part of a thousand years. Apart from No. 14, cist burials have been found under
seven cairns in Peeblesshire; two of the cists each contained a cremation in an urn accompanied
by a dagger (Nos. 16 and 35), while cremations are recorded from three others (Nos. 27 and 34),
and No. 13 yielded a stone axe-hammer.
One of the most interesting features of the distribution map (Fig. 1) is a chain of large
cairns in the West Linton-Dolphinton area which appears to mark an important prehistoric
route linking the Clyde valley with the estuary of the Forth. Leaving the Clyde at about its
confluence with the Medwin Water, the route skirted the south-west end of the Pentland Hills
where it is sign-posted by unpublished cairns at Newbigging, Stonypath and Easton in
Lanarkshire. After entering Peeblesshire its line is continued west of Mendick Hill by the two
cairns at Fernyhaugh (Nos. 16 and 17), the three on the North Muir (Nos. 46-48), and the two
at West Linton (Nos. 11 and 37). Thenceforward the route probably followed the south-east
edge of the Pentland Hills, aiming at the River North Esk, as is suggested by the cairns at
Gourlaw, near Rosewell ⁴ and at Mountmarle, near Roslin. ⁵
Of the remaining cairns, thirteen are situated either in the Tweed valley or on the hills immedi-
ately overlooking it, several others occur in tributary valleys, notably that of the Meldon
Burn. They are found on either side of the Biggar Gap and extending beyond it into the valley
of the River Clyde.
1 But see p. 23.
2 P.S.A.S., lxxxii (1947-8), 68 ff.
3 Ibid., lxv (1930-1), 363 ff.
4 Inventory of Midlothian, No. 146.
5 Ibid., No. 147.
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INTRODUCTION: THE BRONZE AGE
As regards their siting, twenty-one of the cairns stand in prominent positions on the tops
of hills or ridges, all of them at heights of over 1000 ft. O.D. and, in two cases, of over 2000 ft.
O.D. These hill-top cairns vary between 24 ft. and 45 ft. in diameter and are usually not more
than 4 ft. in height; since most of them are sufficiently remote to have escaped the attention of
stone-robbers, it seems likely that they were never appreciably higher than at the present time.
It has often been suggested that barrows and cairns which are placed on skylines represent the
burial-places of chieftains, and a possible instance of this is furnished by the cairn (No. 67)
that stands on the summit of White Meldon. From this conspicuous position it overlooks seven
other cairns (Nos. 24-27, 33 and 38) which are situated on good pastureland, and all within a
radius of two miles. Such a compact group of burial sites makes it reasonable to suppose that
their builders must have lived in the vicinity.
Thirty of the barrows approximate to the "saucer" type found at Whitfield, Roxburgh-
shire; ¹ they range from 9 ft. to 35 ft. in diameter and rise only 1 ft. 6 in. in maximum height.
Although this type of barrow has not been excavated in Peeblesshire, it is probable that, as
with the cairns, the earliest examples date to the first half of the second millennium B.C. The
majority of them are surrounded by a shallow ditch up to 5 ft. in width and seldom more than a
few inches in depth. In only four cases is a slight counterscarp bank visible. They survive now
almost without exception on moderately high ground which has been undisturbed by subse-
quent cultivation. The slight nature of these barrows renders them particularly liable to de-
struction by the plough, and it is likely that many more have been completely obliterated in the
areas of intensive agriculture.
Of the two examples of other types of barrows which were excavated by the Commission's
officers, one (No. 4) may have been of Iron Age date (infra, pp. 30 f.). The other (No. 18) yielded
no reliable evidence of date, but the central pit, in which small fragments of charcoal were
found, might suggest an unaccompanied cremation of the Middle Bronze Age.
In addition to the cists already mentioned, about forty others were found just below ground
surface without any kind of covering mound. There is a marked tendency for them to occur in
groups close together, forming as it were small cemeteries (e.g. Nos. 71-3, 75-6, 87, 98), but
only in a few cases is there any record of their contents. Two contained Beakers (Nos. 14 and
93), two yielded Food Vessels (Nos. 71 and 78), and unspecified "urns" are reported from three
others. Several burials not in cists have also been recorded. Of these, No. 96 was a cremation
accompanied by two bronze rings, and probably belongs to the Early Bronze Age, while the
cremations in Cinerary Urns (Nos. 82 and 83) are dated to the second half of the second mil-
lennium. In six instances cists or burials have been found inserted into natural mounds,
all situated near the River Tweed in the Rachan-Drumelzier area (Nos. 72, 79-81, 90,
98).
An important contribution has been made to our knowledge of the funerary monuments of
the Middle Bronze Age by the recognition and excavation for the first time in Scotland of a
particular type of monument for which the name "enclosed cremation cemetery" is used in
this Inventory. The work done by the Commission in this particular field has been corrobor-
ated by excavation in Dumfriesshire, ² and the results have been applied to the interpretation of
1 Inventory of Roxburghshire, No. 259.
2 T.D.G.A.S., xlii (1965), 51 ff.
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| peeblesshire-1967-vol-1/03_052 |
INTRODUCTION: THE BRONZE AGE
similar monuments in Perthshire. ¹ Recently at least one monument of this class has also been
discovered in Northumberland.
Nine enclosed cremation cemeteries are now known in Peeblesshire, and the first to be
discovered (No. 109), near Tweedsmuir, was excavated by the Commission in 1961. Its chief
characteristics consisted of a number of pits containing cremated remains and protected by a
low covering of stones. The area occupied by the pits was enclosed within a low stony bank,
8 ft. in thickness, which formed a ring measuring 32 ft. in internal diameter. There were no
grave goods. The archaeological evidence, however, was sufficient to link this site with a large
group of comparable structures, dating to the Middle Bronze Age, which occur widely through-
out the Highland Zone of England where examples are recorded from Derbyshire, Cheshire,
Lancashire, West Yorkshire, North Wales, Cumberland. and Westmorland. ² In Scotland they
extend from Kirkcudbrightshire and Dumfriesshire northwards as far as Perthshire. A
valuable confirmation of the date suggested by the comparative archaeological material has
been provided by radiocarbon measurements obtained from sites in both Peeblesshire and
Dumfriesshire which range between about 1550 B.C. and 1300 B.C.
Cup-and-ring markings are represented only on the Hallyne slab (No. 100), but ring
markings without cups occur on two other slabs (Nos. 14 and 101), the former of which came
from the Drumelzier cairn mentioned above. The markings on this stone are unusually small
and shallow, but similar markings are known from Traprain Law ³ and from Harelawside,
Berwickshire. ⁴ Cup-and-ring markings have been reported from Soonhope, ⁵ and plain cup-
marks on the standing stone No. 104, and on a boulder near Castle Hill in the Manor valley, ⁶
but all these markings are in fact of natural origin.
Nothing definite is known of the date or affinities of the ten standing stones. Three of
them (Nos. 102-4) stand in isolation. The two stones on Sheriff Muir (No. 106) were originally
accompanied by a number of smaller stones set at regular intervals in an arc extending east-
wards, ⁷ and their proximity to the two cairns (Nos. 57 and 58) may indicate some association.
Again, at Tweedsmuir, the three stones described under No. 63 are only 80 ft. from the cairn
recorded in the same article, while less than 200 yds. to the south there are two small stones
(No. 105). The similarity between the Sheriff Muir and Tweedsmuir groups may not be
fortuitous. In both cases a group of large stones, a cairn, and a setting of small stones are sit-
uated in close proximity, and, if the suggested association between the stones and the cairn is
valid, the stones may be tentatively assigned to an early phase of the Bronze Age.
The stones circles (Nos. 107 and 108) probably belong to the Middle Bronze Age, but their
cultural affinities are not known.
Lastly mention should be made of the group of structures for which the term "ring
enclosure" is used in this Inventory. These structures were first described by Christison, ⁸
who, while unable to assign to them a definite date or purpose, suggested that they were
probably not sheepfolds as recorded on the early editions of the O.S. maps. His reasons for
1 P.S.A.S., xcv (1961-2), 134 ff.
2 Transactions of the Lancashire and Cheshire Antiquarian Society,
vol. 71 (1961), 15 ff.
3 P.S.A.S., lxix (1934-5), 135.
4 H.B.N.C., xxvii (1929-31), 390, pl. xxi.
5 P.S.A.S., xxxiii (1898-9), 365.
6 Ibid,. xxiii (1888-9), 141-2
7 Stat. Acct., iii (1792), 326.
8 P.S.A.S., xxii (1887-8), 204 ff.
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INTRODUCTION: THE BRONZE AGE
this were the tendency for them to occur in groups, the general absence of entrances, and the
fact that they are in several instances situated on marshy, low-lying ground. The survey work
done in preparation of this Inventory has confirmed Christison's suspicions, but excavation
has produced disappointing results. Five out of six examples that were completely or
partially excavated by the Commission's staff yielded no relics whatsoever, but a small stone
axe-head and a number of chert implements were recovered from the sixth example (No. 115,
enclosure A). Slight though this evidence is, it at least suggests that these structures may date
as far back as the Bronze Age. In Northumberland, where a similar enclosure has been
excavated, the same absence of relics has been met.¹ As regards the structural evidence afforded
by the excavations, the banks of the enclosures have been found in every case to be formed of
heaped earth without turf or other revetting. In one case the bank was interrupted by a narrow
entrance (No. 118), but two of the others had no entrance (No. 115, enclosure B; No. 117, east
enclosure).
The lack of entrances in some cases, the earthen composition of the bank and their associa-
tion with barrows in several cases (Nos. 115, 117, 128, 132, 133(i), 143) imply that these ring
enclosures were not connected with sheep-rearing or agriculture; but only further excavation
is likely to establish their date and purpose. In addition to the eighty-one examples recorded in
Peeblesshire, others, as yet unpublished, are known from Roxburghshire, Lanarkshire,
Midlothian, Northumberland and elsewhere; it is therefore clear that they are not simply a
local phenomenon.
All the gold and bronze objects from Peeblesshire which date to the Early Bronze Age are
unassociated surface finds. The only objects of gold are two identical lunulae from the farm of
Southside, which is just within the county boundary although it has sometimes been attributed
to Lanarkshire. Only three other lunulae are recorded in Scotland. The bronzes include two
flat axes (one of them is decorated), five flanged axes, two bronze rings of a type found elsewhere
in Scotland in association with Beakers and Food Vessels, ² and a halberd. ³
The only bronze objects of Middle Bronze Age date are three palstaves, and three small
fragments, possibly belonging to the blade of a knife, found at Horsburgh Castle (No. 83) in a
Cinerary Urn together with a cremation.
The Late Bronze Age is represented only by the two hoards, from Horsehope and Laman-
cha, and by a number of unassociated surface finds. The Horsehope hoard and the Hatton
Knowe cauldron have recently been discussed ⁴ and the whole content of the Scottish Late
Bronze Age metalwork has been the subject of a special study.⁵ As a result of this work it is
clear that the majority of the Late Bronze metalwork in Scotland, including the Peeblesshire
material, dates from the late eighth to the sixth centuries B.C.
The following list contains all the pottery, as well as the gold and bronze objects, of the
Bronze Age that have been found in the county.
1 The Commissioners are indebted to Mr. George Jobey,
D.S.O., M.A., F.S.A., for this information.
2 Anderson, J., Scotland in Pagan Times, The Bronze and Stone
Ages, (1886), 58; Inventaria Archaeologica, GB 27 but not with
cremation as there stated.
3 This halberd, which is unpublished, has had a short iron haft
riveted on to it.
4 Horsehope, P.S.A.S., lxxxvii (1952-3), 175 ff.; Hatton Knowe,
The Antiquaries Journal, xxxvii (1957), 178 ff.
5 P.S.A.S., xciii (1959-60), 16 ff.
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INTRODUCTION: THE EARLY IRON AGE
likely that a number of other Early Iron Age monuments are included amongst the miscellan-
eous earthworks and enclosures (Nos. 417-466), but the dates of these works can only be
determined by excavation.
Before the monuments are discussed, a digression is necessary to describe the types of
timber houses that are associated with many of them. As far as is known, all the dwellings
built in southern Scotland and northern England during the pre-Roman Iron Age were more
or less circular on plan, and excavation has revealed at least four types of timber houses. As
surface traces of such houses are often visible in the homesteads, settlements and hill-forts
described in the body of the Inventory, it will be convenient to summarise the evidence here.
The simplest kind of house was supported on a ring of posts set in individual post-holes,
and consequently houses of this type never appear on the surface. House I at West Plean
(Stirlingshire), ¹ and the earliest house at West Brandon (County Durham), ² are typical
representatives of this class. Each has a central post-hole, and in both cases the ring of post-
holes measures about 22 ft. in diameter. It is possible that such houses existed in some of the
apparently empty palisaded or walled enclosures, but their presence can only be detected by
excavation. The house uncovered in the palisaded homestead on Glenachan Rig (No. 197) was
exactly similar to the two cited, except that it was surrounded by a shallow depression. The
earliest house at Harehope (No. 199), which had a ring of posts but no central member, is
presumably a variant form.
The majority of the timber houses that can be recognised from surface traces belong to the
so-called "ring-ditch" and "ring-groove" types. ³ The ring-ditch house appears on the surface
as a shallow annular or penannular ditch, enclosing an area about 30 ft. in diameter: the width
of the ditch is not uniform but may average about 6 ft. The most recent excavation of a house
of this kind, at High Knowes (Northumberland), ⁴ revealed a ring of post-holes in the interior
near the inner lip of the ditch, and a ring of small post-holes, indicating the position of the
wall of the house, on the outer lip of the ditch. A few earthfast stones which are visible on the
outer lip of the ring-ditch house in the palisaded homestead on South Hill Head (No. 205)
presumably represent part of the packing of such a wall.
The ring-groove house appears on the surface in the form of a shallow annular or pen-
annular depression, much narrower than the ring-ditch. This is sometimes accompanied, at a
distance of some 4 ft. inside it, by a similar groove; and in some cases a circular depression or a
crescentic sca,p [scarp], situated in the central area, shows where the floor has been levelled. Houses of
this kind were first excavated at Hayhope Knowe (Roxburghshire). ⁵ If a ring-groove house is
on a considerable slope, the crescentic scarp in the interior is likely to be deep, and only a
segment of the groove may be visible on the surface, lying a short distance above the upper
limit of the scarp.
While there exist many well-defined examples of both ring-ditch and ring-groove houses,
in some cases the state of the vegetation and the effects of weathering render identification
uncertain.
1 P.S.A.S., lxxxix (1955-6), 227 ff., 251.
2 Archaeologia Aeliana, 4th series, xl (1962), 1 ff.
3 Inventory of Roxburghshire, p. 19.
4 Archaeologia Aeliana, 4th series, xl (1962), 34.
5 P.S.A.S., lxxxiii (1948-9), 45 ff.
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INTRODUCTION: THE EARLY IRON AGE
The fourth kind of timber house is larger and more substantial than those already describe-
ed. If the outer wall was set in a continuous bedding-trench - as in the case of West Plean II, ¹
Harehope III (No. 199), and West Brandon ² - the trench may be visible before excavation;
and the large ring-groove houses in the palisaded homesteads at White Knowe (No. 208) and
Gray Coat ³ may therefore belong to this category. In other cases, however, the wall-timbers of
houses of advanced design, such as West Brandon A, were erected in individual post-holes, and
no surface remains can be seen.
Of the four hundred or so Early Iron Age house sites recorded in the Inventory, one hundred
and thirty are probably of ring-groove type and only seventeen of the ring-ditch type. The
majority of the remaining sites take the form of shallow circular depressions or platforms,
according to the slope of the ground, which are much larger than the similar features found in
the interiors of certain ring-groove houses (supra, p. 21). It is reasonable to assume that these
platforms, like those of the unenclosed platform settlements described in the next section,
served as stances for timber houses, but in the absence of excavation nothing is known of the
type of house in question. In four cases (Nos. 231, 258, 318 and 335) the house-platforms are
bordered by a thin scatter of stones, the significance of which can only be determined by
excavation.
Although scarcely anything is known about the origins of the various house types discussed
above, indications of their chronological relationship have been furnished by a few sites. Thus
at Harehope (No. 199) a ring-groove house was found to overlie a simple ring house, and to be
itself overlain by a house of advanced design. Simple ring houses were also the first dwellings
to be erected at West Plean and Brandon, and in both cases they were replaced by more
elaborate houses of the fourth category. It is only to be expected, however, that the different
types should overlap, and there is some evidence that this actually happened. For at Moss-
fennan (No. 352) a house of the simple ring class was apparently occupied as late as the 1st or
2nd century A.D. And whereas at Horsburgh Castle Farm (No. 195) ring-groove houses were
clearly later than ring-ditch houses, a study of the palisaded settlement and fort on Craik
Moor, ⁴ where both types of house occur, leads to the opposite conclusion.
(ii) UNENCLOSED PLATFORM SETTLEMENTS
A new type of prehistoric habitation, the unenclosed platform settlement, was first recognised
during the preparation of this Inventory. No fewer than forty-six examples have been recorded
in the county, thirty-four of which are sufficiently well preserved to have been planned.
Reconnaissance in adjoining counties has shown that similar settlements exist in some numbers
in the Upper Ward of Lanark, while one outlying example is known in Midlothian and another
in Roxburghshire. None has so far been found, however, in Annandale or in Northumberland.
Only one unenclosed platform settlement, at Green Knowe (No. 151), has been excavated, ⁵
and the most significant relic recovered from it, a vessel with a flat internal bevel at the rim,
cannot be precisely dated. Nevertheless, its apparent relationship to certain other wares found
in eastern Scotland between Traprain Law (East Lothian) and the Sands of Forvie (Aberdeen-
1 Loc. cit.
2 Loc. cit.
3Inventory of Roxburghshire, No. 994.
4 Ibid., No. 650.
5 P.S.A.S., xciv (1960-1), 79 ff.
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INTRODUCTION: THE EARLY IRON AGE
shire) gives reason to believe that it may be somewhat earlier in date than most of the Early
Iron Age pottery found in southern Scotland and northern England. If this is so, then the
unenclosed platform settlements represent the earliest type of dwelling-site that has hitherto
been identified in the region, and they may be comparable to certain open settlements at
Dalrulzion (Perthshire),¹ where similar pottery was obtained. The very fact that the houses are
unenclosed differentiates them from all the habitations in the area known to be of Early Iron
Age date.
In addition to these two points of similarity-the lack of any form of enclosing palisade or
wall, and the correspondence of the pottery-the houses excavated at Green Knowe and
Dalrulzion exhibit a striking resemblance in the method of construction of the wall. At
Dalrulzion, the wall consisted, at least at the base, of an inner and an outer facing of stones
separated by a hollow space about 5 ft. wide. At Green Knowe, the wall was faced on either
side with wattle screens about 2 ft. 6 in. apart. In both cases the interval between the faces
must have been filled with an ephemeral insulating material, such as heather, grass or peat.
Walls constructed on this filled-cavity principle have been found at Ness of Gruting (Shetland)²
and Knockadoon (County Limerick),³ for example, in pre-Iron Age contexts, but they do not
occur in the local Early Iron Age houses described above (pp. 21 f.), or at such Early Iron Age
sites as Staple Howe (Yorkshire)⁴ or West Harling (Norfolk).⁵
While too little is as yet known for house types to occupy a very significant place in the
elucidation of prehistoric sequences, it appears likely that the filled-cavity wall should be
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INTRODUCTION: THE EARLY IRON AGE
a third palisaded settlement, on Hillside Knowe (No. 200), ahs been almost entirely obliterated
by a later structure.
Four homesteads enclosed by single palisades have been found in the county. One of
them, on Glenachan Rig (No. 197), shows surface traces of two timber houses, with those of a
third close by outside. On the other hand, the homesteads on White Knowe (No. 208), and
near the Meldon Burn (No. 202), are both Einzelhof steadings containing only a single house
in each case. The fourth homestead, on South Hill Head (No. 205), has an annexe similar to
that of the Castle Hill settlement referred to above, the only difference being that the palisades
bounding the homestead and the annexe respectively converge on either side of a common
entrance.
In several instances enclosures formed by palisades exhibit no traces of houses, but, as has
been explained above (p. 21), this may be due to the fact that they contained houses of a kind
that leave no surface remains, rather than to their having been merely stock enclosures. The
palisaded enclosure on White Hill (No. 207) is the largest of its kind so far recorded. It contains
an area of 1 3/4 acres, which is considerably larger than the enclosures formed by the primary
defences at Hownam Rings ¹ or Castle Law, ² for example, and a little larger than the palisaded
enclosure on Stanshiel Hill. ³ At White Hill, as at Hayhope Knowe, the replacement of the
timber stockades by ramparts and ditches was begun but left unfinished.
The embanked palisades were first discovered during excavations at Harehope (No. 199),
where it was found that what appeared to be simple earthen banks or ramparts had, in fact, had
palisades set in continuous trenches along their crest. No trace of these appeared on the sur-
face, but this may have been due to the thick grass with which the banks were covered; for at
Dead Side (No. 196), where the banks were almost free of vegetation, the slight depression of
the palisade trench was clearly visible. At Woolshears Wood (No. 209), too, the grass on the
enclosing bank was long, and no vestiges of the palisade appeared on the surface. But, shortly
before the date of visit, a Forestry Commission trenching plough had passed over the site,
revealing the stone packing of the palisade at several places along the crest of the bank.
The probable palisaded enclosure at Hogbridge (No. 201) is discussed separately on p. 36.
(iv) HOMESTEADS AND SETTLEMENTS WITH TIMBER HOUSES
(INCLUDING SCOOPED HOMESTEADS AND SETTLEMENTS)
Circular timber houses, similar to those found in palisaded works, have also been noted in the
county, or inferred, in six homesteads and forty-seven settlements surrounded by walls or
banks. The homesteads are all enclosed by boulder-faced, rubble-cored walls, and the dwellings
are indicated in each case by house platforms. The settlements, on the other hand, can be
subdivided into the following five types.
Type A. Fifteen settlements are surrounded by walls and show no evidence of internal quarry-
ing. Of these, ten have walls constructed wholly of stone (Nos. 210, 216-17, 226, 230, 243, 251,
256-7, and 284), while the cores of the boulder-faced walls enclosing the other five settlements
are composed of earth and rubble (Nos. 213, 215, 218, 219 and 328). Traces of ring-groove or
1 P.S.A.S., lxxxii (1947-8), 193 ff.
2 Ibid., lxxxvi (1951-2), 191.
3 Inventory of Roxburghshire, No. 317.
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