Lanarkshire, 1978

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lanarkshire-1978/03_001 LANARKSHIRE Prehistoric and Roman Monuments [Drawing inserted] THE ROYAL COMMISSION ON THE ANCIENT AND HISTORICAL MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND
lanarkshire-1978/03_002 This volume contains detailed descriptions of all the known prehistoric and Roman monuments in the former county of Lanarkshire, an area which has now been absorbed within Strathclyde Region. Of particular interest in the prehistoric period are the numerous Bronze Age burial-cairns and cists, the extensive groups of small cairns and a rich variety of Iron Age forts and settlements. The Roman monuments include a short stretch of the Antonine Wall, six forts of widely differing sizes, four fortlets, a watch-tower, and not less than seventeen temporary camps. Many monuments, known only from the reports of early antiquaries, were destroyed during the course of the Industrial Revolution, the full force of which was felt in northern and western Lanarkshire; all these reports are gathered together here for the first time. A large number of previously unrecorded earthworks, long since levelled by cultivation, have also been detected on air photographs, some of which were taken by the Commission during the preparation of this volume. In all, more than 350 monuments are described in the text which is illustrated by over 100 original survey drawings and 63 photographs. A concise account of the topography of the area is included in an introduction in which the various classes of monument are discussed and set in the wider context. Jacket : detail from pl. ix of William Roy's Military Antiquities of the Romans in North Britain, showing Roman temporary camp, Cleghorn. [Crown] RCAHMS NMRS
lanarkshire-1978/03_003 [Note] 56/9 21684 A1.1 INV/20
lanarkshire-1978/03_004 [Note] £40.00 LANARKSHIRE
lanarkshire-1978/03_005 [Note] 21684 [Coat of Arms inserted] LANARKSHIRE An Inventory of the Prehistoric and Roman Monuments THE ROYAL COMMISSION ON THE ANCIENT AND HISTORICAL MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND 1978
lanarkshire-1978/03_006 © Crown copyright 1978 ISBN 0 11 491478 0 Printed in Scotland by Her Majesty's Stationery Office at HMSO Press, Edinburgh Dd 396712/3694 K10 2/78 (14264)
lanarkshire-1978/03_007 CONTENTS -- Page Table of Figures -- vii Table of Plates -- xi Chairman's Preface -- xv List of Commissioners -- xvi Twentieth Report -- xvii List of Monuments which the Commissioners consider to be most worthy of preservation -- xix Register of Monuments by Civil Parishes -- xxiii Abbreviations used in the References -- xxix Editorial Notes -- xxxi Conversion Tables, Metric to Imperial values -- xxxiii Introduction -- 1 Inventory of the Prehistoric and Roman Monuments of Lanark- shire Cairns and Barrows -- 43 Burials and Cists -- 69 Enclosed Cremation Cemetery -- 77 Ritual Enclosures -- 77 Standing Stones -- 80 Unenclosed Platform Settlements -- 81 -- v
lanarkshire-1978/03_008 CONTENTS -- Page Homesteads and Settlements -- 86 Forts -- 90 Crannogs -- 108 Broch -- 109 Souterrain -- 110 Field-system -- 110 Roman Monuments -- 111 Miscellaneous Earthworks and Enclosures -- 144 Addenda -- 159 Glossary -- 163 Index -- 165 Map showing the positions of the Prehistoric and Roman Monu- ments in Lanarkshire -- in end pocket -- vi
lanarkshire-1978/03_009 TABLE OF FIGURES Fig. -- Title -- Page 1 -- Topographical map of Lanarkshire -- 2 2 -- Distribution map of cairns and barrows -- 6 3 -- Distribution map of groups of small cairns etc, in the Carnwath- Dunsyre area -- 9 4 -- Distribution map of cists, enclosed cremation cemeteries, henges, ritual enclosures and standing stones -- 12 5 -- Distribution map of Bronze Age pottery -- 13 6 -- Distribution map of Bronze Age metalwork -- 15 7 -- Distribution map of Iron Age monuments -- 24 8 -- Distribution map of Roman monuments -- 31 9 -- Chambered cairn, Burngrange (No. 1) -- 43 10 -- Long cairn, Greens Moor (No. 2) -- 44 11 -- Cairn, Baitlaws (No. 7) -- 45 12 -- Cairn, Cairny (No. 26) -- 48 13 -- Cairns, Easton-Medwin Water (No. 46, 1) -- 51 14 -- Cairns, Easton-Medwin Water (No. 46, 2-3) -- 51 15 -- Cairn, Easton-Medwin Water (No. 46, 3) -- 51 16 -- Cairn, Easton-Medwin Water (N. 46, 7) -- 52 17 -- Cairn, Fall Hill (No. 55) -- 54 18 -- Cairns, Horse Law (No. 64, 7) -- 56-57 19 -- Cairn, Limefield (No. 77) -- 60 20 -- Cairn, Swaites Hill (No. 106, 1) -- 65 21 -- Cairn, Toftcombs (No. 109) -- 66 22 -- Decorated capstone, Wester Yardhouses-Hare Law (No. 113, 3) -- 67 23 -- Cairns, Wester Yardhouses-Hare Law (No. 113, 7) -- 67 24 -- Cairn, Wester Yardhouses-Hare Law ( No. 113, 7D) -- 68 25 -- Cairns, Windy Gate (No. 118) -- 69 26 -- Cists, Boatbridge Quarry (No. 24); after D V Clarke and A Ritchie -- 70 27 -- Decorated slab, Ferniegair (No. 143, 8) -- 73 28 -- Cist, Patrickholm Sand Quarry (No. 155, 4); after J H Maxwell -- 75 29 -- Cist, Springhill Farm (No. 162); after J H Maxwell -- 76 30 -- Enclosed cremation cemetery (probable), Fall Hill (No. 168) -- 77 31 -- Henge, Normangill (No. 169) -- 78 32 -- Henge, Weston (No. 170) -- 78 33 -- Ritual enclosure (probable), Blackshouse Burn (No. 171) -- 79 34 -- Unenclosed platform settlement, Hurl Burn (No. 196) -- 83 35 -- Unenclosed platform settlement, Normangill Rig (No. 199, 2) -- 84 36 -- Unenclosed platform settlement, Normangill Rig (No. 199, 3) -- 85 37 -- Settlement, Berries Burn (No. 203) -- 86 38 -- Settlement, Cold Chapel (No. 205) -- 87 -- vii
lanarkshire-1978/03_010 TABLE OF FIGURES Fig. -- Title -- Page 39 -- Settlement, Devonside (No. 206) -- 87 40 -- Settlement, Nisbet (No. 208) -- 87 41 -- Settlement, homestead and enclosure,, Richie Ferry (No. 209, 1-3) -- 88 42 -- Enclosure, Richie Ferry (No. 209, 4) -- 88 43 -- Settlement, St John's Kirk (No. 210) -- 89 44 -- Settlement, Snaip Hill (No. 212) -- 89 45 -- Fort, Arbory Hill (No. 213) -- 91 46 -- Fort, Berries Burn (No. 214) -- 92 47 -- Fort, Black Hill, Crawfordjohn (No. 216) -- 92 48 -- Fort, settlement and cairn, Black Hill, Lesmahagow (Nos. 217 and 13) -- 93 49 -- Fort, Bodsberry Hill (No. 218) -- 94 50 -- Fort, Cairngryffe Hill (No. 220); after V G Childe -- 95 51 -- Fort, Castle Hill, Candybank (No. 222) -- 96 52 -- Fort, Castle Hill, Crawford (No. 223) -- 97 53 -- Fort, Chester Hill (No. 224) -- 98 54 -- Fort and enclosure, Cocklaw Hill (No. 225) -- 99 55 -- Fort, Cow Castle, (No. 226) -- 99 56 -- Fort, Culterpark Hill (No. 227) -- 100 57 -- Fort and enclosure, Devonshaw Hill (No. 229) -- 101 58 -- Fort, Fallburn (No. 231) -- 102 59 -- Fort and enclosures, Keir Hill (No. 233) -- 103 60 -- Fort, Langloch Knowe (No. 234) -- 104 61 -- Fort, Nisbet (No. 235) -- 104 62 -- Fort, Quothquan Law (No. 236) -- 105 63 -- Fort, St John's Kirk (No. 237) -- 106 64 -- Fort, Snaip Hill (No. 238) -- 106 65 -- Fort, Toftcombs (No. 239) -- 107 66 -- Fort, West Whitecastle (No. 240) -- 108 67 -- Broch, Calla (No. 244) -- 110 68 -- Field-system and unenclosed platform settlement, Ellershie Hill (Nos. 246 and 191) -- 111 69 -- The Antonine Wall (No. 247) -- 112 70 -- General plan showing the Roman fort, bridge and temporary camp, Balmuildy (No. 248) -- 114 71 -- Roman fort, Balmuildy (No, 248); after S N Miller -- 115 72 -- Roman watch-tower, Beattock Summit (No. 249) -- 118 73 -- Roman fort, Bothwellhaugh (No. 250) -- 120 74 -- Roman fort, Cadder (No. 251); after J Clarke -- 122 75 -- General plan showing Roman fort, temporary camps and enclosures, Castledykes (No. 252) -- 125 76 -- Roman fort, Castledykes (No. 252) -- 126 77 -- Roman temporary camp, Cleghorn (No. 253) -- 128 78 -- Roman temporary camp, Cornhill (No. 254) -- 129 79 -- General plan showing Roman fort and temporary camps, Crawford (No. 255) -- 130 80 -- Roman fort, Crawford (No. 255) -- 131 -- viii
lanarkshire-1978/03_011 TABLE OF FIGURES Fig. -- Title -- Page 81 -- Roman temporary camp, Easter Cadder (No. 256) -- 134 82 -- Roman temporary camp, Little Clyde (No. 258) -- 135 83 -- Roman fortlet, Redshaw Burn (No. 259) -- 135 84 -- Roman fortlet and temporary camp, Wandel (No. 260) -- 136 85 -- Roman fortlet, Wandel (No. 260) -- 136 86 -- Roman fortlet, Wilderness Plantation (No. 261); after J J Wilkes -- 137 87 -- Earthwork, Boghall (No. 272) -- 145 88 -- Enclosure, Busby Glen (No. 278) -- 146 89 -- Earthwork, Cadzow (No. 279) -- 146 90 -- Earthwork Candybank 1 (No. 282) -- 147 91 -- Earthwork, Castlehill Strip, Newton (No. 284) -- 147 92 -- Enclosure, Chesterlees (No. 287) -- 148 93 -- Earthwork, Collins Burn (No. 288) -- 148 94 -- Enclosure, Crawcraigs (No. 292) -- 149 95 -- Earthwork, Crogals Castle (No. 293) -- 150 96 -- Enclosure, Devonshaw Hill (No. 295) -- 150 97 -- Earthwork, Heatheryhall (No. 301) -- 151 98 -- Enclosure, Muir (No. 312) -- 153 99 -- Enclosure, Park Knowe (No. 314) -- 153 100 -- Earthwork, Shiel Burn (No. 317) -- 154 101 -- Earthwork, Southholm (No. 319) -- 155 102 -- Earthwork, Westside (No. 324) -- 156 103 -- Earthworks, White Hill (No. 325) -- 156 104 -- Enclosure, Windy Gate (No. 326) -- 157 105 -- Earthwork, Woodend Burn (No. 328) -- 157 106 -- Cist, Newbiggingmill Quarry (No. 332) -- 160 -- ix
lanarkshire-1978/03_012 TABLE OF PLATES Plate 1 A -- Beaker, Limefield (No. 77, 1) 1 B -- Beaker, Limefield (No. 77, 1) 1 C -- Beaker, Lanark Moor (No. 152, 1) (Photo: National Museum of Antiquities of Scotland) 1 D -- Archer's bracer Crawford (p. 13) (Photo: Hunterian Museum, University of Glasgow) 1 E -- Flint dagger, Glenochar, Crawford Moor (No. 58) (Photo: National Museum of Antiquities of Scotland) 2 A -- Food Vessel, Newton, Cambuslang (No. 126, 4) (Photo: Glasgow Art Gallery and Museum) 2 B -- Food Vessel, Knocken (No. 151) (Photo: Glasgow Art Gallery and Museum) 2 C -- Food Vessel, Patrickholm (No. 155, 1) (Photo: National Museum of Antiquities of Scotland) 2 D -- Food Vessel, Teaths (No. 164) (Photo: Glasgow Art Gallery and Museum) 3 A -- Accessory Vessel, Sherifflatts (No. 158) (Photo: National Museum of Antiquities of Scotland) 3 B -- Accessory Vessel, Cold Chapel (No. 31, 4) (Photo: National Museum of Antiquities of Scotland) 3 C -- Food Vessel, Kylepark, Uddingston (No. 165, 2) (Photo: Glasgow Art Gallery and Museum) 3 D -- Food Vessel, Patrickholm (No. 155, 4) (Photo: National Museum of Antiquities of Scotland) 4 A -- Enlarged Food Vessel, Ferniegair (No. 143, 5) (Photo: Glasgow Art Gallery and Museum) 4 B -- Cinerary Urn, Ferniegair (No. 143, 3) (Photo: Glasgow Art Gallery and Museum) 4 C -- Gold ribbon torc, Coulter (p. 16) (Photo: National Museum of Antiquities of Scotland) 4 D -- Gold 'lock-ring', Boghall (p. 16) (Photo: National Museum of Antiquities of Scotland) 5 A -- Bronze axe, Kersewell (p. 21) (Photo: National Museum of Antiquities of Scotland) 5 B -- Bronze axe, Holytown (p. 22) (Photo: Hunterian Museum, University of Glasgow) 5 C -- Bronze sword, Cowgill (p. 16) (Photo: National Museum of Antiquities of Scotland) 5 D -- Bronze spearhead, Douglas (p. 14) (Photo: National Museum of Antiquities of Scotland) 5 E -- Small finds, Cairngryffe Hill (No. 220) (Photo: National Museum of Antiquities of Scotland) -- xi
lanarkshire-1978/03_013 TABLE OF PLATES Plate 5 F -- Bronze torc, Hyndford (No. 242) (Photo: National Museum of Antiquities of Scotland) 5 G -- Bronze horse, Birkwood (p. 30) (Photo: Glasgow Art Gallery and Museum) 5 H -- Bronze bull, Bank Farm (No. 268) (Photo: National Museum of Antiquities of Scotland) 6 A - Cairns, Horse Law, No. 64, 7), from N [North] 6 B -- Cairn, Kersewell Mains (No. 67, 1), from SW [South West] 6 C -- Cairn, Tinto (No. 107), from E [East] 7 A -- Barrow, Lanark Race Course (No. 73) 7 B -- Decorated slab, Wester Yardhouses (No. 113, 3) (Photo: National Museum of Antiquities of Scotland) 8 A -- Henge, Weston (No. 170) (Photo: Cambridge University Committee for Aerial Photography) 8 B -- Standing stone, Crookedstone (No. 177), from W [West] 8 C -- Standing stone, Crookedstane, Elvanfoot (No. 176), from E [East] 9 A -- Settlement, Cold Chapel (No. 205) (Photo: Cambridge University Com- mittee for Aerial Photography) 9 B -- Homestead, Grangehall (No. 207) (Photo: Cambridge University Committee for Aerial Photography) 10 A -- Fort, Arbory Hill (No. 213) (Photo: Cambridge University Committee for Aerial Photography) 10 B -- Fort, Quothquan Law (No. 236) (Photo: Cambridge University Committee for Aerial Photography) 11 A -- Fort, Fallburn (No. 231) (Photo: Cambridge University Committee for Aerial Photography) 11 B -- Fort, Fallburn (No. 231); view of ramparts on W from N [West from North] 12 A -- Roman temporary camp, Balmuildy (No. 248) (Photo: Cambridge Univer- sity Committee for Aerial Photography) 12 B -- Inscribed stone, Balmuildy (No. 248) (Photo: Hunterian Museum, Uni- versity of Glasgow) 13 A -- Antonine Wall and Roman fortlet, Glasgow Bridge (No. 257) (Photo: Cambridge University Committee for Aerial Photography) 13 B -- Antonine Wall and Roman fortlet, Wilderness Plantation (No. 261) (Photo: Cambridge University Committee for Aerial Photography) 14 A -- Earthwork, Burghmuir (No. 276) (Photo; Cambridge University Committee for Aerial Photography) 14 B -- Enclosures, Burnfoot (No. 277) (Photo: Cambridge University Committee for Aerial Photography) 15 A -- Earthwork, Craigie Burn (No. 291) (Photo: Cambridge University Com- mittee for Aerial Photography) 15 B -- Enclosure, Candybank 2 (No. 283) Photo: Cambridge University Committee for Aerial Photography) 16 A -- Enclosure, Draffan (No. 297, 1) (Photo: Cambridge University Committee for Aerial Photography) 16 B -- Earthwork, Hardington House (No. 300) (Photo: Cambridge University Committee for Aerial Photography) -- xii
lanarkshire-1978/03_014 TABLE OF PLATES 17 -- Enclosures, Hillend (No. 303) 18 -- Map showing positions of monuments in the Clyde Valley near Covington, Pettinain and Libberton 19 -- Map showing positions of monuments in the Clyde valley near Lamington and Roberton 20 A -- Earthwork, Longwell 1 (No. 308) 20 B -- Earthwork, Longwell 2 (No. 309) 21 -- Enclosure, Park Knowe (No. 314); W [West] arc of inner bank from NW [North West] 22 A -- Earthwork, West Lindsaylands (No. 323) (Photo: Cambridge University Committee for Aerial Photography) 22 B -- Earthwork, Woodend (No. 327) (Photo): Cambridge University Committee for Aerial Photography) 22 C -- Earthwork, Wyndales Farm (No. 329) (Photo: Cambridge University Committee for Aerial Photography) ADDENDA 23 A -- Earthwork, Heatheryhall (No. 301) 23 B -- Earthworks, Longwell 1 and 2 (Nos. 308,309) 24 A -- Earthwork, Westside (No. 324) 24 B --- Henge (possible), Easter Cadder (No. 333) 25 A -- Roman fortlet and temporary camp, Lamington (No. 335) 25 B -- Roman fort, Mollins (No. 336) 216 -- Enclosure, Hill of Chryston (No. 346) -- xiii
lanarkshire-1978/03_015 CHAIRMAN'S PREFACE In 1975 Lanarkshire ceased to exist, when the county system in Scotland was abandoned in favour of the division of the country into regions and districts in terms of the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973. Under this reorganisation of the territory formerly included in Lanarkshire became part of Strathclyde Region, but as this volume was in an advanced state of preparation when the change took place, the Commissioners decided that the best course was to publish it in the form in which it was originally planned. The county boundary adopted in the Inventory is that which was in force from 1938 to 1975, and which excluded the County of the City of Glasgow. The boundaries of the new administrative areas, and of the former county, are shown on the map in the end pocket. WEMYSS -- xv
lanarkshire-1978/03_016 ROYAL COMMISSION ON THE ANCIENT AND HISTORICAL MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND COMMISSIONERS The Right Honourable The Earl of Wemyss and March, K.T., Hon.LL.D., J.P. (Chairman) H. M. Colvin, Esq., C.B.E., M.A., F.B.A., Hon.F.R.I.B.A. Professor R. J. Cramp, B.Litt., M.A., F.S.A. Professor G. Donaldson, M.A., Ph,D., D.Litt., Hon.D.Litt., F.B.A. Professor A. A. M. Duncan, M.A. J. D. Dunbar-Nasmith, Esq., C.B.E., B.A., R.I.B.A., P.P.R.I.A.S. Professor K. H. Jackson, M.A., Litt.D., Hon.D.Litt., D.Litt.Celt., D.Univ., Hon.M.R.I.A., F.B.A., F.R.S.E. Secretary K. A. Steer, Esq., M.A., Ph.D., F.S.A., F.R.S.E. -- xvi .
lanarkshire-1978/03_017 TWENTIETH REPORT of the Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland TO THE QUEEN'S MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY MAY IT PLEASE YOUR MAJESTY We, Your Majesty's Commissioners, appointed to make an Inventory of the Ancient and Historical Monuments and Constructions connected with or illustrative of the contemporary culture, civilisation and conditions of life of the people in Scotland from the earliest times to the year 1707, and such further Monuments and Constructions subsequent to that year as may seem in our discretion worthy of mention therein, and to specify those which seem most worthy of preservation, humbly present to Your Majesty the following Report, being the Twentieth Report on the work of the Commission since its first appointment. 2. We recall with pleasure Your Majesty's gracious acceptance of the volume embodying our Nineteenth Report with the Inventory of the Ancient Monuments of Lorn, on the occasion of Your Majesty's visit to our exhibition 'Recording Scotland's Heritage' in the Canongate Tolbooth, Edinburgh, on 9 July 1975. 3. It is with regret that we have to record the retirement of Mr. A. Graham, M.A., F.S.A., Mr P. J. Nuttgens, M.A., Ph.D., R.I.B.A., and Professor Stuart Piggott, C.B.E., B.Litt., D.Litt., F.B.A., F.S.A., F.R.S.E. Mr Graham served the Commission for almost forty years, initially as Secretary from 1935 to 1957 and then as a Commissioner, while Professor Piggott was a member of the Commission for thirty years (1946-76). 4. We have to thank Your Majesty for the appointment to the Commission of Professor R. J. Cramp, B.Litt., M.A., F.S.A., and Mr H. M. Colvin, C.B.E., M.A., F.B.A., Hon,F.R.I.B.A., under Your Majesty's Royal Sign Warrants of 18 November 1974 and 14 December 1976 respectively, and for the reappointment of Professor G. Donaldson, Mr. J. D. Dunbar- Nasmith, Professor A. A. M. Duncan, and Professor K. H. Jackson. 5. Following our usual practice we have prepared an illustrated Inventory of the Prehistoric and Roman monuments of Lanarkshire, which will be issued as a non-Parliamentary publica- tion. 6. From the wide range of prehistoric monuments covered by the survey, the numerous Bronze Age cist-cemeteries are particularly worthy of mention. Records of these are often inadequate, but our re-examination and listing of the surviving relics have provided a firm basis for any future research in this field. Excavations which we have carried out on several -- B -- xvii
lanarkshire-1978/03_018 TWENTIETH REPORT Bronze Age burial-cairns have added significantly to our knowledge of their structure and date, while the opportunity has been taken to plan the major groups of small cairns, or 'cairn- fields', that constitute one of the principal features of the archaeology of the county. The recognition of what may be the remains of a vast ritual enclosure at Blackshouse Burn is of exceptional interest, and air photography has revealed a large number of hitherto unknown sites, mostly in the form of crop-marks. 7. Lanarkshire also contains a rich variety of Roman military works. One of these, the watch- tower at Beattock Summit, was discovered in the course of our survey, and we have undertaken limited, but productive, excavation on several other Roman sites, notably the forts at Crawford and Bothwellhaugh. 8. We wish to acknowledge the assistance accorded to us, during the preparation of this Inventory, by the owners and occupiers of the lands on which the monuments are situated. Our thanks are also due especially to Mr J. G. Scott, M.A., F.M.A., for placing unpublished material at our disposal; to Professor J. K. S. St. Joseph, O.B.E., M.A., Ph.D., F.S.A., Director in Aerial Photography in the University of Cambridge, for permission to reproduce a number of air photographs; to the Institute of Geological Sciences for advice on geological questions; to the staff of Hamilton District Museum for assistance in studying material in their care; to the Scottish Development Department for facilities for the study of air photo- graphs; and to the staffs of the Department of the Environment, the Forestry Commission, the National Library of Scotland, the National Museum of Antiquities of Scotland, the Glasgow Art Gallery and Museum, the Hunterian Museum, University of Glasgow, the Arch- aeology Division of the Ordnance Survey and Your Majesty's Stationery Office, for continual and valued co-operation. 9. We wish again to place on record our appreciation of the high standard of work maintained by our executive staff, including those who are not employed in the preparation of the Inven- tories but on surveys or archival duties for the National Monuments Record of Scotland. In the present volume, the articles and sections of the Introduction dealing with prehistoric monuments have been written by Messrs A. MacLaren, M.A., F.S.A., G. S. Maxwell, M.A., F.S.A., J. N. G. Ritchie, M.A., Ph.d., F.S.A., J. B. Stevenson, B.A. and H. G. Welfare, B.A., M.Phil., and those dealing with Roman monuments by Mr Maxwell. The plans and other drawings have been produced by Messrs I. G. Scott, D.A., J. N. Stevenson, N.D.D., and I. G. Parker, and the photographs have been taken by Messrs G. B. Quick, A.I.I.P., A.R.P.S., C. R. Russell, J. D. Keggie, and J. M. Mackie. Miss A. E. H. Muir and Dr. Ritchie have compiled the index and general assistance has been given by Miss M. Isbister and Mrs W. C. Chalmers. The volume has been edited by the Secretary and Mr MacLaren. WEMYSS, Chairman ROSEMARY CRAMP HOWARD COLVIN GORDON DONALDSON JAMES DUNBAR-NASMITH ARCHIBALD A. M. DUNCAN KENNETH JACKSON KENNETH STEER, Secretary -- xviii
lanarkshire-1978/03_019 LIST OF PREHISTORIC AND ROMAN MONUMENTS IN LANARKSHIRE WHICH THE COMMISSIONERS CONSIDER TO BE MOST WORTHY OF PRESERVATION The selection of monuments for this list is based on an objective appraisal of various factors such as present condition, rarity, and known or potential value for archaeological research. Accordingly the list contains not only standing monuments, but also buried remains which may repay excavation or re-excavation. Inclusion in the list does not confer any statutory protection on the monuments in question, and no account is taken of external circumstances which might make preservation difficult or impracticable. Chambered cairn, Burngrange (No. 1) Long cairn, Greens Moor (No. 2) Cairns, Air Cleugh (No. 3) Cairn, Auchensaugh Hill (No. 4) Cairn, Baitlaws (No. 7) Cairn (probable), Berries Burn (No. 8) Barrow and cairns, Black Hill, Crawfordjohn (No. 11) Barrow, Blackhill, Lesmahagow (No. 12) Cairn, Black Hill, Lesmahagow (No. 13) Cairns, Blackshouse Burn (No. 14) Cairn, Broadhill End (No. 18) Cairn, Brown Knees (No. 19) Barrow, Burnbrae (No. 20) Cairns, Cairngryffe Hill (No. 23) Cairn, Cairn Kinny (No. 24) Cairns, Cairn Table (No. 25) Cairn, Carmunnock (No. 27) Cairns, Collins Burn (No. 32) Barrows (probable) and cairns, Corse Law (No. 34) Cairn, Dechmont Hill (No. 37) Cairns, Devonshaw Hill (No. 38) Cairn, Dillar Hill (No. 39) Cairn, Dungavel Hill, Avondale (No. 40) Cairn. Dungavel Hill, Wiston (No. 41) Cairn, Dunsyre Hill (No. 42) Cairn, Duntilland Hill (No. 43) Cairns, Easton-Medwin Water (No. 46) Cairns, Ellershie Burn (No. 48) Cairns, Elsrickle (No. 49) Barrows, Ewe Hill (No. 50) Cairn, Fagyad Hill (No. 51) Cairn, Fairhill, Meikle Earnock, Hamilton (No. 52) Cairn, Fairholm (No. 53) Cairn, Fall Hill (No. 55) Cairns, Fall Kneesend (No. 56) Cairns, Greens Moor (No. 60) Cairn, Harting Rig (No. 63) Cairns, Horse Law (No. 64) Cairns, Howgate Mouth (No. 66) Cairns, Kersewell Mains (No. 67) Cairn, Kip Hill (No. 68) Cairn, Knock Leaven (No. 70) Cairns, Lamington Hill (No. 72) Barrow, Lanark Race Course (site) (No. 73) Cairns, Lawhead (No. 74) Cairns, Limefield (No. 77) Barrow and cairns, Lingy Knowe (No. 78) Cairn, Lodge Hill (No. 79) Cairn, Long Calderwood (No. 80) Cairn, Moffat Hills (No. 86) Cairn (probable), Mosscastle Hill (No. 87) Cairn and barrows (probable), Muirhead (No. 91) -- xix
lanarkshire-1978/03_020 MONUMENTS WORTHY OF PRESERVATION Cairn, Newbigging (No. 94) Cairn, Normangill Rig 1 (No. 95) Cairn, Scaut Hill (No. 99) Cairn, Side Hill (No. 102) Cairn, Sim's Hill (No. 103) Cairns, Stanemuir (No. 105) Cairns, Swaites Hill (No. 106) Cairn, Tinto (No. 107) Cairn, Tinto End (No. 108) Cairns, Toftcombs (No. 109) Cairn, Tweediehall (No. 110) Cairn (probable), Viaduct Plantation (No. 111) Cairns, Wester Yardhouses-Hare Law (No. 113) Cairns, Westruther Burn (No. 114) Cairn, West Wood, The Lee (No. 115) Cairn and barrows (possible), Whiteside Hill (No. 116) Cairn, Wildshaw Hill (No. 117) Cairns, Windy Gate (No. 118) Barrow and cairns, Wiston (No. 120) Enclosed cremation cemetery (probable), Fall Hill (No. 168) Henge, Normangill (No. 169) Henge, Weston (No. 170) Ritual enclosure (probable), Blackshouse Burn (No. 171) Standing stone, Crookedstane, Elvanfoot (No. 176) Standing stone, 'Crooked Stone', Crookedstone (No. 177) Unenclosed platform settlement, Annanshaw Brae (No. 182) Unenclosed platform settlement, Black Hill, Crawford- john (No. 183) Unenclosed platform settlement, Bodsberry Hill, Crawford- john (No. 184) Unenclosed platform settlement, Campside Wood (No. 185) Unenclosed platform settlement, Carle Gill (No. 186) Unenclosed platform settlement, Corbury Hill (No. 187) Unenclosed platform settlement, Crookedstane (No. 188) Unenclosed platform settlement, Doddin (No. 189) Unenclosed platform settlement, Drake Law (No. 190) Unenclosed platform settlement, Ellershie Hill (No. 191) Unenclosed platform settlement, Elvanfoot 1 (No. 192) Unenclosed platform settlement, Elvanfoot 2 (No. 193) Unenclosed platform settlement, Gastonend Wood (No. 194) Unenclosed platform settlement, Glenochar (No. 195) Unenclosed platform settlement, Hurl Burn (No. 196) Unenclosed platform settlement, Lodge Hill (No. 197) Unenclosed platform settlement, Mossy Dod (No. 198) Unenclosed platform settlement, Normangill Rig (No. 199) Unenclosed platform settlement, North Shortcleuch (No. 200) Unenclosed platform settlement, Reed Gill No. 201) Unenclosed platform settlement, Whelphill (No. 202) Settlement, Berries Burn (No. 203) Settlement, Cold Chapel (No. 205) Homestead, Grangehall (site) (No. 207) Settlement, Nisbet (No. 208) Settlement, homestead and enclosures, Richie Ferry (No. 209) Settlement, St John's Kirk (No. 210) Homestead, Shillowhead (site) (No. 211) Settlement, Snaip Hill (No. 212) Fort, Arbory Hill (No. 213) Fort, Berries Burn (No. 214) Fort, Bizzyberry Hill (No. 215) Fort, Black Hill, Crawfordjohn (No. 216) Fort and settlement, Black Hill, Lesmahagow (No. 217) Fort, Bodsberry Hill (No. 218) Fort, Camps Knowe Wood (No. 221) Fort, Castle Hill, Candybank (No. 222) Fort, Castle Hill, Crawford (No. 223) Fort, Chester Hill (No. 224) Fort and enclosure, Cocklaw Hill (No. 225) Fort, Cow Castle (No. 226) Fort, Culterpark Hill (No. 227) Fort and enclosure, Devonshaw Hill (No. 229) Fort, Huntlyhill (site) (No. 232) Fort and enclosures, Keir Hill (No. 233) Fort, Langloch Knowe (No. 234) Fort, St John's Kirk (No. 237) Fort, Snaip Hill (No. 238) Fort, West Whitecastle (No. 240) Crannog, Green Knowe (site) (No. 241) Crannog, Hyndford (No. 242) Crannog, Lochend Loch (site) (No. 243) Broch, Calla (No. 244) Souterrain, Wester Yardhouses (No. 245) The Antonine Wall (No. 247) Roman fort, bridge and temporary camp, Balmuildy (sites) (No. 248) Roman forts, temporary camps (sites) and enclosures (sites) Castledykes (No. 252) Roman temporary camp, Cornhill (site) (No. 254) Roman fort and temporary camps, Crawford (sites) (No. 255) Roman temporary camp, Easter Cadder (site) ( No. 256) Roman fortlet, Glasgow Bridge (site) (No. 257) -- xx
lanarkshire-1978/03_021 MONUMENTS WORTHY OF PRESERVATION Roman fortlet, Wilderness Plantation (site) (No. 261) Roman road, Corsincon Wood to Loudoun Hill (No. 262) Roman road, March Burn to Dolphinton (No. 263) Roman road, Silvermuir to Calderbraes (No. 264) Roman road, Well Hill to Crawford (No. 265) Enclosures, Biggar (sites) (No. 269) Earthwork, Boghall (No. 272) Enclosure, Bogton (site) (No. 273) Earthwork, Brownsbank 1 (site) (No. 274) Enclosure, Brownsbank 2 (site) (No. 275) Earthwork, Burghmuir (site) (No. 276) Enclosures, Burnfoot (sites) (No. 277) Enclosure, Busby Glen (No. 278) Earthwork, Cadzow (No. 279) Earthwork, Cairncockle (No. 280) Enclosure, Candybank 1 (No. 282) Enclosure, Candybank 2 (No. 283) Earthwork, Castle Hill, Symington (No. 285) Enclosure, Castle Plantation (No. 286) Earthwork, Collins Burn (No. 288) Enclosure, Corbiehall (site) (No. 289) Earthwork, Cormiston Towers Farm (site) (No. 290) Earthwork, Craigie Burn (No. 291) Enclosure, Devonshaw Hill (No. 295) Enclosures, Draffan (sites) (No. 297) Enclosure, Grangehall (site) (No. 299) Earthwork, Hardington House (site) (No. 300) Earthwork, Heatheryhall (No. 301) Enclosure, Hecklebirnie (No. 302) Enclosures, Hillend (sites) (No. 303) Earthwork, Hillhead (site) (No. 304) Earthwork and enclosures, Howburn (sites) (No. 305) Enclosure, Lamington Hill (No. 306) Enclosure (probable), Libberton (site) (No. 307) Earthwork, Longwell 1 (site) (No. 308) Earthwork, Longwell 2 (site) (No. 309) Enclosure, Meadowflatt (No. 310) Enclosure, Muir (No. 312) Enclosure, Nether Hangingshaw (site) (No. 313) Enclosure, Queyholm (site) (No. 315) Earthwork, Quothquan Law Farm (No. 316) Enclosure, Snaip (No. 318) Earthwork, Southholm (No. 319) Enclosure, Townfoot (site) (No. 321) Enclosure, Townhead (site) (No. 322) Earthwork, West Lindsaylands (site) (No. 323) Earthwork, Westside (No. 324) Earthwork, Woodend (site) (No. 327) Earthwork, Wyndales Farm (site) (No. 329) Earthwork, Yett 1 (site) (No. 330) Earthwork, Yett 2 (site) (No. 331) ADDENDA Henge (possible), Easter Cadder (site) (No. 333) Roman temporary camps, Bankhead (sites) (No. 334) Roman fortlet and temporary camp, Lamington (sites) (No. 335) Roman fort, Mollins (site) (No. 336) Enclosure, Castle Hill, Symington (site) (No. 337) Enclosures, Chesterhall (sites) (No. 338) Enclosure, Cornhill (site) (No. 339) Earthwork, Covington Mains (site) (No. 340) Enclosure, Culterallers House (site) (No. 341) Earthwork, Glasgow Bridge (site) (No. 342) Earthwork, Grangehall (site) (No. 343) Enclosure (probable), Hartside (site) (No. 345) Enclosure, Hill of Chryston (site) (No. 346) Enclosure, Hillhouse (site) (No. 347) Enclosures, Lamington Mains (sites) (No. 348) Enclosures, Quothquan Law Farm (sites) (No. 349) Earthwork, Roberton (site) (No. 350) Enclosures, Roberton (sites) (No. 351) Enclosure, Townfoot, Symington (site) (No. 353) Enclosure, Wintermuir (site) (No. 354) -- xxi
lanarkshire-1978/03_022 REGISTER OF PREHISTORIC AND ROMAN MONUMENTS IN LANARKSHIRE BY CIVIL PARISHES AVONDALE PARISH Barrow, Burnbrae (No. 20) Cairn, Dungavel Hill, Avondale (No. 40) Cairn, Harting Rig (No. 63) Cairn (possible), Millstone Rig (site) (No. 85) Cairn, Side Hill (No. 102) Enclosure, Queyholm (site) (No. 315) BIGGAR PARISH Barrows, Ewe Hill (No. 50) Cairns, Toftcombs (No. 109) Cairn, Wintermuir Hill (site) (No. 119) Fort, Bizzyberry Hill (No. 215) Fort, Castle Hill, Candybank (No. 222) Fort, Toftcombs (No. 239) Enclosures, Biggar (sites) (No. 269) Enclosure, Bizzyberry Hill (No. 270) Earthwork, Boghall (No. 272) Earthwork, Brownsbank 1 (site) (No. 274) Enclosure, Brownsbank 2 (No. 275) Earthwork, Burghmuir (site) (No. 276) Enclosure, Candybank 1 (No. 282) Enclosure, Candybank 2 (site) (No. 283) Earthwork, West Lindsaylands (site) (No. 323) BLANTYRE PARISH Cist, Coatshill (site) (No. 133) Burials and cists, High Blantyre (sites) (No. 148) Earthwork, Camp Knowe, Calderside (site) (No. 281) BOTHWELL PARISH Burials, Uddingston (sites) (No. 165) Earthwork, Crogals Castle (No. 293) CADDER PARISH Cairn (probable), Cadder (site) (No. 21) Cairn (possible), Cawder Estate (site) (No. 28) Burials, South Broomknowes (sites) (No. 160) The Antonine Wall (No. 247) Roman fort, bridge and temporary camp, Balmuildy (sites) (No. 248) Roman fort, Cadder (site) (No. 251) Roman temporary camp, Easter Cadder (site) (No. 256) Roman fortlet, Glasgow Bridge (site) (No. 257) Roman fortlet, Wilderness Plantation (site) (No. 261) Enclosure, Bogton (site) (No. 273) Enclosure (possible), Meiklehill (site) (No. 311) CAMBUSLANG PARISH Cairn, Dechmont Hill (No. 37) Burials and cists, Cambuslang (sites) (No. 126) Fort (possible), Dechmont Hill (site) (No. 228) CAMBUSNETHAN PARISH Cairn, The Mote, Garrion Bridge (site) (No. 89) Cist, Cambusnethan (site) (No. 127) CARLUKE PARISH Cairns, Law of Mauldslie (sites) (No. 75) Cairn, West Wood, The Lee (No. 115) Cists, Carluke (sites) (No. 128) Cist, Hyndshaw (site) (No. 149) Cists, Law of Mauldslie (sites) (No. 153) Standing stone, Braidwood (site) (No. 173) Standing stone, Cairney Mount, Carluke (site) (No. 174) -- xxiii
lanarkshire-1978/03_023 REGISTER OF MONUMENTS BY CIVIL PARISHES CARMICHAEL PARISH Cairn, Howgate Hill (No. 65) Cairns, Howgate Mouth (No. 66) Cairn and barrows (possible), Whiteside Hill (No. 116) Cists, Douglas Water Bridge (site) (No. 137) Settlement, Devonside (No. 206) CARMUNNOCK PARISH Cairn, Carmunnock (No. 27) Cist, Blairbeth Golf Course (site) (No. 123) Enclosure, Muir (No. 312) CARNWATH PARISH Chambered cairn, Burngrange (No. 1) Long cairn, Greens Moor (No. 2) Barrows (probable) and cairns, Corse Law (No. 34) Cairns, Greens Moor (No. 60) Cairns, Kersewell Mains (No. 67) Cairns, Lawhead (No. 74) Cairn, Newbigging (No. 94) Cairns, Stanemuir (No. 105) Cairns, Wester Yardhouses-Hare Law (No. 113) Cairns, Westruther Burn (No. 114) Cairns, Windy Gate (No. 118) Cist, Gallow Hill (site) (No. 144) Cist, Newbiggingmill Quarry (site) (No. 332) Henge, Weston (No. 170) Broch, Calla (No. 244) Souterrain, Wester Yardhouses (No. 245) Enclosure, Windy Gate (No. 326) CARSTAIRS PARISH Cairns, Mossplatt (sites) (No. 88) Cists, Cleghorn Viaduct (sites) (No. 131) Cist, Silvermuir (site) (No. 159) Roman forts, temporary camps (sites) and enclosures (sites), Castledykes (No. 252) Enclosure, Corbiehall (site) (No. 289) COVINGTON PARISH Barrows (possible), Fallburn (No. 54) Cairn, Warrenhill (site) (No. 112) Cists, Boatbridge Quarry (sites) (No. 124) Burials, Fallburn (sites) (No. 142) Burials and cist, Sherifflatts (sites) (No. 158) Settlement, St John's Kirk (No. 210) Fort, Chester Hill (No. 224) Fort, Fallburn (No. 231) Fort, St John's Kirk (No. 237) Earthwork, Hillhead (site) (No. 304) Enclosure, Meadowflatt (No. 310) Enclosure, Park Knowe (No. 314) Earthwork, Southholm (No. 319) CRAWFORD PARISH Cairns, Air Cleuch (No. 3) Cairn (probable), Berries Burn (No. 8) Cairns, Bodsberry Hill (No. 15) Cairn, Brown Knees (No. 19) Cairns, Collins Burn (No. 32) Cairn, Crawford (site) (No. 35) Cairns, Ellershie Burn (No. 48) Cairn, Fall Hill (No. 55) Cairns, Fall Kneesend (No. 56) Cairn, Flopperbeck Burn (site) (No. 57) Cairn, Glenochar, Crawford Moor (site) (No. 58) Cairn, Lodge Hill (No. 79) Cairn, Normangill Rig 1 (No. 95) Cairn (possible), Normangill Rig 2 (No. 96) Cairn (probable), Viaduct Plantation (No. 111) Burial, Castle Crawford Farm (site) (No. 129) Enclosed cremation cemetery (probable), Fall Hill (No. 168) Henge, Normangill (No. 169) Standing stone, Crookedstane, Elvanfoot (No. 176) Unenclosed platform settlement, Annanshaw Brae (No. 182) Unenclosed platform settlement, Bodsberry Hill (No. 184) Unenclosed platform settlement, Campside Wood (No. 185) Unenclosed platform settlement, Carle Gill (No. 186) Unenclosed platform settlement, Corbury Hill (No. 187) Unenclosed platform settlement, Crookedstane (No. 188) Unenclosed platform settlement, Doddin (No. 189) Unenclosed platform settlement, Ellershie Hill (No. 191) Unenclosed platform settlement, Elvanfoot 1 (No. 192) Unenclosed platform settlement, Elvanfoot 2 (No. 193) Unenclosed platform settlement, Glenochar (No. 195) Unenclosed platform settlement, Hurl Burn (No. 196) -- xxiv
lanarkshire-1978/03_024 REGISTER OF MONUMENTS BY CIVIL PARISHES Unenclosed platform settlement, Lodge Hill (No. 197) Unenclosed platform settlement, Mossy Dod (No. 198) Unenclosed platform settlement, Normangill Rig (No. 199) Unenclosed platform settlement, North Shortcluech ( No. 200) Unenclosed platform settlement, Reed Gill (No. 201) Unenclosed platform settlement, Whelphill (No. 202) Settlement, Berries Burn (No. 203) Settlement, homestead and enclosures, Richie Ferry (No. 209) Fort, Berries Burn (No. 214) Fort, Bodsberry Hill (No. 218) Fort, Camps Knowe Wood (No. 221) Fort, Castle Hill, Crawford (No. 223) Field-system, Ellershie Hill (No. 246) Roman watch-tower, Beattock Summit (site) (No. 249) Roman fort and temporary camps, Crawford (sites) (No. 255) Roman temporary camp, Little Clyde (No. 258) Roman fortlet, Redshaw Burn (No. 259) Roman road, Well Hill to Crawford (No. 265) Earthwork, Collins Burn (No. 288) CRAWFORDJOHN PARISH Barrow and cairns, Black Hill, Crawfordjohn (No. 11) Cairn, Cairn Kinny (No. 24) Cairn, Fagyad Hill (No. 51) Cairn, Knock Leaven (No. 70) Cairn, Middlemuir Cairn (site) (No. 84) Cairn, Sim's Hill (No. 103) Unenclosed platform settlement, Black Hill, Crawford- john (No. 183) Unenclosed platform settlement, Drake Law (No. 190) Unenclosed platform settlement, Gastenend Wood (No. 194) Fort, Black Hill, Crawfordjohn (No. 216) CULTER PARISH Cairn, Chapelhill (site) (No. 29) Settlement, Nisbet (No. 208) Settlement, Snaip Hill (No. 212) Fort, Cow Castle (No. 226) Fort, Culterpark Hill (No. 227) Fort, Langloch Knowe (No. 234) Fort, Nisbet (No. 235) Fort, Snaip Hill (No. 238) Crannog, Green Knowe (site) (No. 241) Roman temporary camp, Cornhill (site) (No. 254) Enclosure, Castle Plantation (No. 286) Enclosure (possible), Culter Park (site) (No. 294) Enclosure, Nether Hangingshaw (site) (No. 313) Enclosure, Snaip (No. 318) DALSERF PARISH Cairn, Dalpatrick (site) (No. 36) Cist, Dalserf (site) (No. 135) Earthwork, Cairncockle (No. 280) DALZIEL PARISH Burial, Dalzell House (site) (No. 136) Roman fort, Bothwellhaugh (No. 250) Enclosure, Airbles (site) (No. 267) DOLPHINGTON PARISH Cairn, Kip Hill (No. 68) Fort and enclosures, Keir Hill (No. 233) Earthwork, Bank Farm, Dolphinton (site) (No. 268) Enclosure, Chesterlees (No. 287) Enclosure, Townfoot (site) (No. 321) DOUGLAS PARISH Cairn, Auchensaugh Hill (No. 4) Cairns, Cairn Table (No. 25) Cairn, Poniel (site) (No. 97) Cists, Poniel (sites) (No. 156) DUNSYRE PARISH Cairn, Dunsyre Hill (No. 42) Cairn (possible), Dykefoot (No. 44) Cairns, Easton-Medwin Water (No. 46) Barrow and cairns, Lingy Knowe (No. 78) Cairn, Medwinbank (site) (No. 83) -- xxv
lanarkshire-1978/03_025 REGISTER OF MONUMENTS BY CIVIL PARISHES EAST KILBRIDE PARISH Cairn, East Browncastle (site) (No. 45) Cairn, East Rogerton (site) (No. 47) Cairn, Harelaw, Raahead (site) (No. 62) Cairn, Kittochside (side) (No. 69) Cairn, Knocklegoil, Lymekilns (site) (No. 71) Cairn, Long Calderwood (No. 80) Cairns, Mains (sites) (No. 82) Cairn, Nerston (site) (No. 93) Enclosure, Busby Glen (No. 278) GLASSFORD PARISH Standing stone, Shawton (site) (No. 179) HAMILTON PARISH Cairn, Fairhill, Meikle Earnock, Hamilton (No. 52) Cairn, Fairholm (No. 53) Cists, Fairholm (sites) (No. 141) Burials and cists, Ferniegair (sites) (No. 143) Standing stone, 'Crooked Stone', Crookedstone (No. 177) Earthworks, Cadzow (No. 279) LAMINGTON AND WANDEL PARISH Cairn, Baitlaws (No. 7) Cairn, Broadhill End (No. 18) Cairns, Cold Chapel (sites) (No. 31) Cairns, Devonshaw Hill (No. 38) Cairns, Lamington Hill (No. 72) Cairn, Raggengill Burn (site) (No. 98) Burial, Hawmoor Burn, Lamington (site) (No. 146) Burial, Hecklebirnie (site) (No. 147) Burials (possible), Wandel (sites) (No. 166) Settlement, Cold Chapel (No. 205) Fort, Arbory Hill (No. 213) Fort and enclosure, Devonshaw Hill (No. 229) Roman fortlet (site) and temporary camp, Wandel (No. 260) Enclosure, Devonshaw Hill (No. 295) Enclosure, Hecklebirnie (No. 302) Enclosure, Lamington Hill (No. 306) Earthwork, Sheil Burn (No. 317) Earthworks, White Hill (No. 325) Earthwork, Woodend (site) (No. 327) Earthwork, Woodend Burn (No. 328) LANARK PARISH Barrow, Lanark Race Course (site) (No. 73) Burials and cists, Lanark Moor (sites) (No. 152) Cist, Stanmore House (site) (No. 163) Fort, Huntlyhill (site) (No. 232) Crannog, Hyndford (No. 242) Roman temporary camp, Cleghorn (No. 253) Earthwork (possible), Springbank (site) (No. 320) LESMAHAGOW PARISH Cairn (possible), Auchlochan (site) (No. 5) Cairn, Auchrobert (site) (No. 6) Cairn, Birkenhead (site) (No. 9) Cairns, Birkhill (sites) (No. 10) Barrow, Blackhill, Lesmahagow (No. 12) Cairn, Black Hill, Lesmahagow (No. 13) Cairns, Boreland Hill (sites) (No. 16) Cairn, Brackenrig (site) (No. 17) Cairns (possible), Cairn Burn (sites) (No. 22) Cairns, Corramore (sites) (No. 33) Cairn, Dillar Hill (No. 39) Cairn, Leelaw (site) (No. 76) Cairns, Lupus (sites (No. 81) Cairn, Muirsland (site) (No. 92) Cairns, Skellyhill (sites) (No. 104) Cairn, Yonderton (site) (No. 121) Cist, Eastwood (site) (No. 139) Cists, Knocken, Lesmahagow (sites) (No. 151) Cists, South Cumberhead (sites) (No. 161) Cists, Teaths, Lesmahagow (sites) (No. 164) Standing stone, Blackhill, Lesmahagow (site) (No. 172) Standing stone, Clarkston (site) (No. 175) Standing stone, Hallhill (site) (No. 178) Standing stone, Standingstone Hill (site) (No. 180) Fort and settlement, Black Hill, Lesmahagow (No. 217) Fort (possible), Boreland Hill (site) (No. 219) Earthwork, Dillar Hill (site) (No. 296) Enclosures, Draffan (sites) (No. 297) -- xxvi
lanarkshire-1978/03_026 REGISTER OF MONUMENTS BY CIVIL PARISHES LIBBERTON PARISH Fort, Quothquan Law (No. 236) Fort, West Whitecastle (No. 240) Enclosures, Burnfoot (sites) (No. 277) Earthwork, Cormiston Towers Farm (site) (No. 290) Earthwork, Craigie Burn (No. 291) Enclosure, (probable), Libberton (site) (No. 307) Earthwork, Quothquan Law Farm (No. 316) Enclosure, Townhead (site) (No. 322) Earthwork, Yett 1 (site) (No. 330) Earthwork, Yett 2 (site) (No. 331) NEW MONKLAND (EAST) PARISH Burials and cists, Annathill, Glenboig (sites) (No. 122) Earthwork, Blairlinn (site) (No. 271) OLD MONKLAND (WEST) PARISH Cairn (possible), Clyde Iron Works (site) (No. 30) Cist, Clyde Iron Works (site) (No. 132) Cists, Drumpellier Estate (sites) (No. 138) Burials and cists, Greenoakhill, Mount Vernon (sites) (No. 145) Cists, Old Monkland (sites) (No. 154) Burials and cist, Springhill Farm, Baillieston (sites) (No. 162) Burial. West Sand Quarry, Mount Vernon (site) (No. 167) Crannog, Lochend Loch (site) (No. 243) PETTINAIN PARISH Cairns, Blackshouse Burn (No. 14) Cairns, Cairngryffe Hill (No. 23) Burials, Cairngryffe Hill (sites (No. 125) Homestead, Grangehall (site) (No. 207) Fort, Cairngryffe Hill (site) (No. 220) Enclosure, Grangehall (site) (No. 299) RUTHERGLEN PARISH Barrow, Hamilton Farm (site) (No. 61) Cairn (possible), Shawfield (site) (No. 100) Mound, Gallowflat (No. 298) SHOTTS PARISH Cairn, Cairny (site) (No. 26) Cairn, Duntilland Hill (No. 43) Cairn, Moffat Hills (No. 86) Homestead and enclosure, Cairny (sites) (No. 204) STONEHOUSE PARISH Cairn, Mount Pisgah, West Mains (site) (No. 90) Cairn, Tweediehall (No. 110) Cists, Patrickholm Sand Quarry (sites) (No. 155) Cist, St Ninian's Church, Stonehouse (site) (No. 157) Fort, Double Dikes, Sodom Hill (No. 230) SYMINGTON PARISH Cairn, Scaut Hill (No. 99) Earthwork, Castle Hill, Symington (No. 285) Earthwork, Westside (No. 324) Earthwork, Wyndales Farm (site) (No. 329) WALSTON PARISH Cairns, Elsrickle (No. 49) Cists, Craw Knowe (sites) (No. 134) Cists, Elsrickle (sites) (No. 140) Cist, Hyndshawland (site) (No. 150) Fort and enclosure, Cocklaw Hill (No. 225) Enclosure, Crawcraigs (site) (No. 292) Earthwork and enclosures, Howburn (sites) (No. 305) WISTON AND ROBERTON PARISH Cairn, Dungavel Hill, Wiston (No. 41) Barrows (possible), Greenhill (No. 59) Cairns, Limefield (No. 77) Cairn and barrows (probable), Muirhead (No. 91) Barrow (probable), Shillowhead (site) (No. 101) Cairn, Tinto End (No. 108) Cairn, Wildshaw Hill (No. 117) Barrow and cairns, Wiston (No. 120) Homestead, Shillowhead (site) (No. 211) Earthwork, Castlehill Strip, Newton (No. 284) Earthwork, Hardington House, (site) (No. 300) -- xxvii
lanarkshire-1978/03_027 REGISTER OF MONUMENTS BY CIVIL PARISHES Enclosures, Hillend (sites) (No. 303) Earthwork, Longwell 1 (site) (No. 308) Earthwork, Longwell 2 (site) (No. 309) NOT CONFINED TO A SINGLE PARISH Cairns, Horse Law (No. 64) Cairn (probable), Mosscastle Hill (No. 87) Cairns, Swaites Hill (No. 106) Cairn, Tinto (No. 107) Burial, Cathkin Moor (site) (No. 130) Ritual enclosure (probable), Blackshouse Burn (No. 171) Standing stone, Todholes (site) (No. 181) Roman road, Corsincon Wood to Loudoun Hill (No. 262) Roman road, March Burn to Dolphinton (No. 263) Roman road, Silvermuir to Calderbraes (No. 264) Roman road (supposed), Roberton to Castledykes (No. 266) Earthwork, Heatheryhall (No. 301) See also Addenda, pp. 159-62 -- xxviii
lanarkshire-1978/03_028 ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE REFERENCES CBA -- Council for British Archaeology. CUCAP -- Cambridge University Committee for Aerial Photography. DES (date) -- Discovery and Excavation, Scotland. Annual publication of Scottish Regional Group, Council for British Archaeology. GAJ -- Glasgow Archaeological Journal. Greenshields, Lesmahagow -- Greenshields, J B, Annals of the Parish of Lesmahagow, Edinburgh, 1864. Inventory of [County] -- Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland: An Inventory of the Ancient Monuments [for the county stated]. Irving and Murray, Upper Ward -- Irving, G V and Murray, A, The Upper Ward of Lanarkshire Described and Delineated, Glasgow, 1864. Itin. Septent -- Gordon, A, Itinerarium Septentrionale: or A Journey Thro' most of the Counties of Scotland and Those in the North of England, London, 1726. JBAA -- The Journal of the British Archaeological Association. JRS -- The Journal of Roman Studies. Maitland, History -- Maitland, W, History and Antiquities of Scotland to 1603, London, 1757. Military Antiquities -- Roy, W, The Military Antiquities of the Romans in Britain, London 1793. Name Book -- Original Name-books of the Ordnance Survey, Lanarkshire. NMRS -- National Monuments Record of Scotland. NSA -- The New Statistical Account of Scotland, Edinburgh, 1845. OS -- Ordnance Survey, Pococke, Tours -- Kemp, D W (ed), Tours in Scotland, 1747, 1750, 1760, by Richard Pococke, Bishop of Meath, Edinburgh, 1887. PPS -- Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society. PSAS -- Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland. RIB -- Collingwood, R G and Wright, R P, The Roman Inscriptions of Britain, i, Oxford, 1965. RWS -- Macdonald, Sir G, The Roman Wall in Scotland, 2nd ed., Oxford, 1934. SAF -- Scottish Archaeological Forum. Sibbald, Historical Inquiries -- Sibbald, Sir R, Historical Inquiries, Concerning the Roman Monuments and Antiquities in the North-Part of Britain called Scotland, Edinburgh, 1707. South-western Scotland -- Miller, S N (ed), The Roman Occupation of South-western Scotland, Glasgow, 1952. Stat. Acct. -- The Statistical Account of Scotland, Edinburgh, 1791-9. Stat. Acct. (reissue) -- The Statistical Account of Scotland 1791-1799, vii (Lanarkshire and Renfrew- shire), Wakefield, 1973. TDGAS -- Transactions of the Dumfriesshire and Galloway Natural History and Antiquarian Society. TGAS -- Transactions of the Glasgow Archaeological Society. Ure, Rutherglen -- Ure, D, The History of Rutherglen and East Kilbride, Glasgow, 1793. -- xxix
lanarkshire-1978/03_029 EDITORIAL NOTES Arrangement The entries in the Inventory are grouped according to types of monuments, and the groups are arranged as far as possible in chronological order. Within each group the monuments are arranged alphabetically. A list of monuments under parish headings will be found on pp. xxiii-xxviii. Maps, Grid References and Dates of Visit At the end of each article will be found the National Grid Reference of the monument in question, the number of the current OS 1: 10,000 or 1: 10,560 sheet on which it occurs, and the date on which it was last examined. Since the first two letters of the sheet number indicate the relevant 100- kilometre square, the letters have been omitted from the six-figure references. The positions of all the monuments are shown on the end map. Air Photograph References References to print numbers of air photographs taken by the Commission are prefixed by the letters NMRS, while those to print numbers of air photographs taken by the Cambridge University Committee for Aerial Photography are prefixed by the letters CUCAP. In the case of RAF photographs, the reference consists of the sortie number and, where necessary, the camera number, followed by the numbers of the two consecutive prints that allow the monument to be viewed stereoscopically (e.g. 106G/SCOT/UK18, F22, 5366-7). Metrication The plans in this volume are provided with scales in both metric and imperial units, and simplified conversion-tables are printed on pp. xxxiii-xxxiv. Unless otherwise stated, the ranging-poles that have been included in some of the photographs for scale purposes are of metric type, each division measuring 0.5 metre. Scales To facilitate comparison, the plans of similar monuments have been reproduced wherever possible at uniform scales. The scales principally employed are: (a) for the majority of prehistoric monuments 1: 1000; (b) for smaller prehistoric monu- ments, other than groups of small cairns, 1: 250; (c) for Roman forts and fortlets 1: 2000; (d) for Roman site plans and temporary camps 1: 7500. -- xxxi
lanarkshire-1978/03_030 EDITORIAL NOTES Inscriptions In the text of an inscription, words or letters in square brackets are illegible but can be confidently restored. Words or letters in round brackets have never existed in the inscription but have been inserted for the sake of clarity. Place Names The spelling of place names normally follows the spelling currently adopted by the Ordnance Survey. Reproductions Unless otherwise stated, the contents of the volume are all Crown Copyright, but copies of the plans and other line drawings, and of photographs (including air photographs) taken by the Commission, can be obtained from the Secretary, The Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland, 54 Melville Street, Edinburgh, EH3 7HF. The records of the Commission, which include a number of unpublished photographs of monuments and relics referred to in this volume, may also be consulted at that address. -- xxxii
lanarkshire-1978/03_031 CONVERSION TABLES, METRIC TO IMPERIAL VALUES The form of the following tables has been governed by factors peculiar to the Commission's Inventories. Thus comparatively few measurements are given in the text in millimetres (mm), kilometres (km) or hectares (ha), while the majority of the linear measurements given to one or, more rarely, two places of decimals are under 20 metres. In the tables, the imperial equivalents are given to the nearest 1/4 inch for measurements below 0.1 m, to the nearest inch for those from 0.1m to 100 m, and to the nearest foot for those above 100 m. I. Metres to Feet and Inches [Table inserted] -- C -- xxxiii
lanarkshire-1978/03_032 CONVERSION TABLES [Table inserted] 2. Kilometres to Miles [Table inserted] 3. Hectares to Acres [Table inserted] -- xxxiv
lanarkshire-1978/03_033 INTRODUCTION to the Inventory of the Prehistoric and Roman Monuments of Lanarkshire PART 1. GENERAL TOPOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY To a greater extent than most Scottish counties Lanarkshire is a geographical unit, occupying the upper and middle basin of the River Clyde. Except for the Biggar Water, which flows eastwards through the Biggar Gap into the Tweed, and the Rivers Almond and Avon, which discharge into the Forth, the county is drained solely by the Clyde and its tributaries, a fact which accounts for its alternative name 'Clydesdale'. As Fig. 1 shows, it measures 80 km in length from north-west to south-east by a maximum of 33 km transversely, and is more or less symmetrical in shape - progressively widening downstream from the head- waters of the Clyde as the basin of the river broadens, and then contracting again towards the north-western extremity. Lanarkshire, with roughly its present bounds, was established as a sheriffdom in 1402, when the sheriffdom of Lanark was divided into those of Lanark and Renfrew. Until the middle of the 18th century it comprised two wards, the Upper Ward (the Upper Clyde valley) and the Lower Ward, but in consequence of the rapid growth of the population during the Industrial Revolution the Lower Ward was subsequently subdivided into the Middle and Lower Wards. The topography of the county is largely determined by the underlying geology, and falls broadly into two parts separated by the Southern Upland Fault, which runs south-westwards from Biggar to beyond Crawfordjohn. To the south of the fault-line the rocks consist mainly of marine greywacke and shales of Ordovician and lower Silurian age, and the land is pre- dominantly hilly; the highest hill lying entirely within the county is Green Lowther (732 m), 3 km south-south-east of Leadhills, although Culter Fell on the Lanarkshire-Peebleshire border is 16 m higher. The rocks contain few minerals of economic value, apart from deposits of lead and small amounts of gold and other metallic ores in the Leadhills district of the Lowther Hills, and as yet there is no evidence that these ores were exploited in prehistoric or Roman times. North of the Southern Upland Fault there is an abrupt change in the scenery, open and rolling landscape replacing the high hills and deeply incised valleys of the south. An exception is Tinto (707 m), an igneous intrusion just north of the fault-line and the county's most conspicuous hill, whose summit commands an extensive prospect in all directions ranging as far as the Grampians, Goatfell (Arran), Cumbria and Ireland. Elsewhere the rocks are generally -- 1
lanarkshire-1978/03_034 INTRODUCTION : GENERAL of Carboniferous age and include a wide range of sedimentary and igneous formations, which contain a high proportion of economic minerals, notably coal and iron-ore, limestone and stone suitable for road-making. Along the Clyde valley, particularly from Lanark to Symington, there are deposits of sand and gravel of glacial and fluviatile origin. All these resources have been exploited on a large scale since the Industrial Revolution, with the result that, in contrast to the southern part of the county, comparatively few field monuments have survived. [Map inserted] Fig. 1. Topographical map of Lanarkshire -- 2
lanarkshire-1978/03_035 PART II. THE MONUMENTS 1. THE MESOLITHIC PERIOD (c. 6500-4000BC) The earliest evidence for Man's presence in Lanarkshire comes from eight sites which have yielded surface scatters of primitive stone implements of Mesolithic type. Made usually of chert or mudstone. and occasionally of flint, these artifacts indicate intermittent settlement by small bands of people whose economy was based primarily on hunting, fishing and gather- ing. Five of the sites, Eastfield (NT 014362), Annieston (NS 996366), Quothquan Law Farm (NS 983381), Parkhouse (NS 987391) and Bagmoors (NS 951434), occur on the arable haughs bordering the River Clyde along a limited stretch between Symington and Pettinain; ¹ situated at the western end of the Biggar Gap, these sites represent a westward extension of the early settlement of the Tweed basin. The sixth and seventh sites, at Mountainblaw Farm (NS 975558) and Dunsyre (NT 071481), may belong to this general group, but it should be noted that the presence of Arran pitchstone at Dunsyre may indicate contacts with the west, in particular from Ballantrae on the Ayrshire coast. ² The eighth site is near Coatbridge, where a considerable assemblage of worked tools and waste flakes was recovered from the north shore of Woodend Loch (NS 708668). ³ The artifacts are not of sufficiently diagnostic types to allow firm conclusions to be drawn about their dates and affinities. However, flake tools, scrapers, knives and a small number of microliths show a general resemblance to those from sites in Peebleshire, ⁴ while in typological terms several of the microliths from Woodend Loch appear to be late in the British sequence. ⁵ A date within the sixth or fifth millennium is proposed for the beginning of the Tweed valley industries, and a similar date seems likely for those of Lanarkshire. Radiocarbon dates from the shell-heap at Inveravon, West Lothian, indicate that Mesolithic occupation of this area was certainly under way by the beginning of the fifth millennium BC. ⁶ 2. THE NEOLITHIC PERIOD (c. 4000-2000 BC) Only four monuments, two long cairns (Nos. 1 and 2) and two henges (Nos. 169 and 170), together with a number of stone axes and other implements, can be attributed with certainty to the earliest agricultural communities of Lanarkshire. It is, however, possible that some of the small cairns (Nos. 60 and 64) that occur in the vicinity of the two long cairns may themselves be of Neolithic date; the reasons are discussed below on p. 10. The principal area in Lanarkshire settled by these early farmers appears to have been in the Carnwath district, at the south-western end of the Pentland Hills, where the two long 1. Lacaillie, A D, The Stone Age in Scotland (1954), 187-93. 2. TDGAS, xlvii (1970, 86-7, 101. 3. PSAS, lxxxiii, (1948-9), 77-98. 4. TDGAS, xlvii, (1970), 81-110. 5. Cf. Jacobi, R M, in Koslowski, S K (ed.), The Mesolithic in Europe (1973), 238, 250-2. 6. PPS, xxxviii (1972), 413-15. -- 3
lanarkshire-1978/03_036 INTRODUCTION : THE NEOLITHIC PERIOD cairns and one of the henges are all situated. Several distinct types of long cairns have been recognised in Scotland and elsewhere in the British Isles, but in the absence of excavation neither of the Lanarkshire examples can be classified precisely. It is, therefore, uncertain whether their affinities lie with the small group of chambered cairns on Stockie Muir and Craigmaddie Muir, Stirlingshire, or with the same extensive group in the south-west. ¹ It has been suggested that the circular or oval earthworks termed 'henges' were regional centres for ritual or other social activities in the later Neolithic period. They are currently divided into two classes according to the number of entrances. Henges of Class I, which occur in the third millennium BC, have only a single entrance, while those of Class II, dating to the late third and early second millennia, possess two opposed entrances. ² The henge monuments of Lanarkshire, Normangill (No. 169) and Weston (No. 170), both belong to Class II, as does the only fully excavated example in Southern Scotland, at Cairnpapple, West Lothian. ³ One of the most remarkable monuments in Scotland is at Blackshouse Burn (No. 171), where what has formerly been a particularly massive stony bank encloses an area of 6.5 ha (16 acres). The work is patently not any kind of fortification or settlement site, and the fact that it has been deliberately laid out to incorporate the twin heads of the burn suggests that it was designed for ritual purposes. ⁴ Although different in construction, notably in the absence of a ditch, it compares in size with such late Neolithic ritual enclosures as Avebury, Wiltshire 11.5 ha : 28.5 acres) and Mount Pleasant, Dorset (5.6 ha : 13.8 acres). ⁵ Amongst the polished stone axeheads are two made from Antrim porcellanite, ⁶ and another, together with a roughout, which are probably of Lake District stone. ⁷ Several axeheads, identified as examples of a Cumbrian type, confirm the importance of the Lake District axe- factories to the Neolithic people of Lanarkshire; these axes come from Carnwath, Crawford- john, Tinto and Wiston. ⁸ The distribution of stone axes reveals a marked concentration to the east of the River Clyde between Carnwath and Lamington; near by, in the adjacent county of Peebleshire, a large number of flint and stone objects have come from the vicinity of West Linton and, although the activities of Adam Sim of Coulter and other local mid-19th century collectors are to some extent responsible for the density of the finds, the concentration of axes appears to confirm the evidence of the few surviving monuments that the Biggar- Carnwath-West Linton area was intensively occupied in the Neolithic period. ⁹ Polished stone axes have also been found in smaller numbers elsewhere in Lanarkshire, particularly in the parish of Lesmahagow and in the lower valley of the Clyde. A carved stone ball found at Biggar Shiels is an example of a type of artifact associated with the later Neolithic period in north and east Scotland. 1 Hensall, A S, The Chambered Tombs of Scotland, ii (1972), 3-6, 27-30. 2 PPS, xxxv (1969), 112-33. 3 PSAS, lxxxii (1947-8), 68-123. 4 For the significance of springs and streams in the religious beliefs of later prehistoric peoples, cf. GAJ, iii (1974), 26-33; Ross, A, Pagan Celtic Britain (1967), 20-33. 5 Burl, A, The Stone Circles of the British Isles (1976), 323. In this connection it is, perhaps, worth noting that Mayburgh, a much smaller embanked enclosure which is regarded as being related to henge monuments, also has no ditch (Royal Commission on Historical Monuments (England), Inventory of Westmorland, p. 253). 6 From Dunsyre (PSAS, xcvi (1962-3, 364) and Coulter (Ulster Journal of Archaeology, 3rd series, xv (1952), 55). 7 Both from Crawford (Hunterian Museum, University of Glasgow). 8 PPS, xxx (1964), 39-55. 9 Inventory of Peebleshire, i, p. 13. -- 4
lanarkshire-1978/03_037 INTRODUCTION : THE BRONZE AGE 3. THE BRONZE AGE (c. 2500-600 BC) Towards the middle of the third millennium BC Neolithic traditions of burial in Britain were profoundly affected by the arrival of immigrants from the Rhine basin and perhaps the Atlantic coasts of Europe. The earliest of these new settlers introduced two important inno- vations - individual burial, frequently by inhumation in a grave or cist, and a style of pottery known as Beaker ware; they also brought copper technology, which, by about 2000 BC, was replaced by bronze-working. ¹ For the period between about 2500 and 1500 BC the use of such terms as Neolithic and Bronze Age has little archaeological relevance, as Beaker pottery and burial-traditions and the continuing use of henge monuments span a period of change that cannot conveniently be labelled. Neolithic traditions of collective burial were gradually replaced by individual inhumation or cremation in a grave or cist, in some instances covered by a round cairn or barrow. As in the Neolithic period, our knowledge of the Bronze Age in Lanarkshire is derived from funerary and ritual sites, or from stray finds; no habitation sites have yet been positively identified, although some hill-top sites and unenclosed platform settlements may have originated towards the end of the second millennium BC, in the later phases of the Bronze Age. CAIRNS AND BARROWS About eighteen hundred cairns and barrows have been recorded; they are widely distributed (Fig. 2), but relatively scarce in the northernmost part of the county. Many cairns, however, were destroyed before adequate records were kept ² and considerable numbers were removed during the agricultural and industrial revolutions of the 18th and 19th centuries. Destruction seems to have been especially severe in the Middle and Lower Wards; in the parish of Lesma- hagow, for example, only four cairns now remain out of a redorded total of almost forty. Roughly seventeen hundred of the cairns form the group of small cairns discussed on pp. 8-10; the rest, however, range from about 4 m in diameter up to the largest and most conspicuous cairn in the county crowning the summit of Tinto (No. 107, Pl. 6c), which is 45 m in diameter. Even if this cairn is partly of natural origin, ³ and has had stones added to it by visitors, it remains one of the largest cairns in Scotland and is comparable with the enor- mous, but now ruined, cairn at Cairn Muir, Caputh, Perthshire. ⁴ The cairns usually appear as low mounds, although Nos. 67 and 114 are substantial structures similar to the large cairns on the North Muir, Peebleshire. ⁵ The addition of a long mound of unusual construction to a round cairn at Easton (No. 46, 7). gives it the superficial appearance of a long cairn but, unlike Neolithic cairns with broadly similar mounds at Bryn yr Hen Bobl, Anglesey, ⁶ and on Great Ayton Moor, Yorkshire, ⁷ there is no reason to believe that the Easton cairn is earlier than the Bronze Age. 1 See Burgess, C B. 'The Bronze Age' in Renfrew, C (ed.), British Prehistory (1974), 165-232. 2 Cf. TGAS, new series, iii (1895-7), 498-9; Stat. Acct., ii (1792), 221-2; ibid. (reissue), vii (1973), 29-30. 3 Geographical Journal, cxx (1954), 219. 4 Coutts, H, Ancient Monuments of Tayside (1970), 9, no. 6. 5 Inventory of Peebleshire, i, Nos. 47-8. 6 Archaeologia, lxxxv, (1935), 253-92. 7 Hayes, R H, The Chambered Cairn and Adjacent Monuments on Great Ayton Moor, North-East Yorkshire, Scarborough and District Archaeological Society Research Report, 7 (1967), 22-3, 32-3. -- 5
lanarkshire-1978/03_038 INTRODUCTION : THE BRONZE AGE [Map inserted] Fig. 2. Distribution map of cairns and barrows Excavations carried out by the Commission's officers on four cairns in Lanarkshire (Nos. 7, 26, 55 and 77) have complemented the information gathered from fieldwork. At Baitlaws (No. 7) a shallow ditch surrounded the central grave-pit, which had been covered by a single layer of pebbles. The central mound of the cairn at Fall Hill (No. 55) is of greater height than that found at Baitlaws, but it too covered a central burial and closely resembles other cairns at Black Hill, Crawfordjohn (No. 11), Easton-Medwin Water (No. 46, 3) and probably the -- 6
lanarkshire-1978/03_039 INTRODUCTION : THE BRONZE AGE barrow at Lanark Race Course (No. 73). At Cairny (No. 26), excavations of what appeared to be a barrow showed that the mound consisted in fact of an inner core of boulders and earth capped by an outer casing of turf. This type of composite structure, while as yet only rarely encountered in Scotland, has, for example, been recorded at Broughton Knowe, Peebleshire ¹ and at Macrihanish, Argyll. ² The three excavated cairns mentioned so far covered single central inhumations or cremations, but in the fourth case, at Limefield (No. 77), excavation revealed a total of at least twelve burial-deposits, including both cremations and inhumations, as well as a wide range of Early Bronze Age pottery. Comparatively few barrows have been recorded, and only four (Nos. 12, 20, 73 and 101) exceed 10 m in diameter. In many cases the material for the mound does not seem to have been excavated from a ditch, but a series of barrows at Muirhead (No. 91) belong to a class in which the ditch forms an integral part of the structure. Barrows of this kind normally occur in groups and in Scotland they are confined to the Border counties; examples, sometimes associated with outer banks, have been found in Peebleshire and Roxburghshire. ³ In the case of the smaller ditched cairns and barrows the structural differences between them may be due simply to the presence or absence of stone in the immediate vicinity, and the Muirhead barrows may in fact be closely related to the cairns of Baitlaws (No. 7) or Fall Hill (No.55) type. Cist burials were found under seventeen cairns and barrows when they were dug into during the 18th and 19th centuries. Many contained 'urns', now lost, but a fine Beaker and a bronze armlet have been preserved from a cist within a cairn at Crawford (No. 35); the Beaker contained cremated bone and can be added to the three other examples of this comparatively rare Beaker-burial rite to be found in Lanarkshire (Nos. 26, 77 and 143). Besides burials in cists, cremations accompanied by Cinerary Urns have frequently been recorded, the most interesting discovery of this kind being at East Rogerton (No. 47), where a group of urns was apparently disposed in a circle. ⁴ The enclosed cremation cemetery at Fall Hill (No. 55) is the only example of this type of monument to be identified with some certainty in Lanarkshire, although it is possible that enclosures at Wester Yardhouses-Hare Law (No. 113, 8) and Fall Kneesend (No. 56) may belong to the same class, and even those at Horse Law (No. 64) and Windy Gate (No. 118). Since the discovery of enclosed cremation cemeteries during the preparation of the Peebles- shire Inventory, ⁵ several others have been excavated in Scotland, northern England, ⁶ and Ulster. ⁷ These excavations have shown that this class of burial-site can vary considerably in form, and have emphasised the difficulties of making a positive identification from fieldwork evidence alone. At Weird Law, Peeblesshire, ⁸ the cremation-pits were covered by a low stony mound and surrounded by an annular bank, whereas at Whitestanes, Dumfriesshire, ⁹ there was an entrance in the bank and no mound in the interior, making the site indistinguishable from a hut-circle before excavation. The grooves in the bank at Fall Hill are a feature which 1 Inventory of Peeblesshire, i, No. 4. 2 Inventory of Argyll, i, No. 42. 3 Inventory of Peeblesshire, i, Nos. 4-6, 36, 49 and 55; Inventory of Roxburghshire, i, No. 259. 4 Cf. Westwood, Fife (PSAS, vi (1864-6), 388-91) and Palmerston, Dumfriesshire (TDGAS, xvii (1930-1), 79- 94; xlv (1968), 114-15). 5 Inventory of Peeblesshire, i, pp. 15-16. 6 SAF, iv, 13-17. 7 Ulster Journal of Archaeology, 3rd series, xxxvi-xxxvii (1973- 4), 17-31. 8 PSAS, xcix, (1966-7), 93-9. 9 TDGAS, xlii (1965), 51-60. -- 7
lanarkshire-1978/03_040 INTRODUCTION : THE BRONZE AGE has not been recorded elsewhere, and without excavation it is impossible to be certain of their function, but they may have acted as bedding slots for a hurdle fence. Finds from such Scottish sites do not normally include distinctive or readily datable artifacts, but radiocarbon determinations from excavated examples ¹ show that they belong to the later phases of the Early Bronze Age. Mention may be made here of two other monuments, the small circular ditched enclosures at Bizzyberry Hill (No. 270) and Windy Gate (No. 326), each of which has a causeway across the ditch on the south. At Windy Gate the ditch is accompanied by an outer bank, but at Bizzyberry Hill ploughing has destroyed any possible traces of a similar feature. Closes parallels are difficult to find in Scotland, but several enclosures in Sutherland ² and Inverness-shire, ³ and the earliest phase of the Moncreiffe stone circle, Perthshire, ⁴ are superficially similar. The interiors are level and there is no indication that a mound ever existed. The combination of bank and internal ditch is characteristic of henges, but the diameters of these enclosures are considerably smaller than those of most henges, and it is possible that they are funerary monu- ments. If so, they could take their place in the disparate family of Early Bronze Age burial- sites that includes ring-cairns, ring-barrows, disc-barrows, enclosed cremation cemeteries and the so-called hengiform monuments, such as Fargo Plantation, Wiltshire, ⁵ and Alnham No. 3, Northumberland. ⁶ GROUPS OF SMALL CAIRNS Clusters of small cairns are a distinctive feature of the archaeology of many parts of Highland Britain. The study of such cairns has been one of the most interesting features of the field survey of Lanarkshire, and it has been possible to take further the pioneer work done in the 1950s by A Graham. ⁷ The term 'cairnfield' has often been employed for these concentrations, but for the purposes of this Inventory it has been thought preferable to adopt the description 'groups of small cairns' in order to avoid any functional implication. The origin of these cairns has been a matter for debate, ⁸ the point at issue being whether they were constructed for funerary purposes or are simply the result of field clearance. In support of the latter explanation, low stony banks, which may delimit arable plots, occur in proximity to the cairns in certain parts of Scotland, but these features are almost entirely absent in Lanarkshire and the Border counties. The number of cairns in the groups under discussion range from less than a dozen to nearly six hundred. Whereas the majority of them measure between 2.4 m and 3.8 m in diameter, at many sites, such as Horse Law (No. 64), they can vary from 1.2 m to as much as 9.1 m in diameter and from less than 0.2 m to 1.2 m in height, and in areas of peat formation the true sizes of the cairns may be larger than is apparent. The largest surviving concentrations are to be found in the valleys of the Medwin Water and of its principal tributaries (Fig. 3). 1 Ibid., 52; PSAS, xcix (1966-7), 98. 2 OS Record Card NH 69 SW 36. 3 OS Record Cards NH 83 NW 1 and NH 85 NW 1. 4 DES (1974), 86-7. 5 Wiltshire Archaeological and Natural History Magazine, xlviii (1939), 357-70. 6 Archeologia Aeliana, 4th series, xliv (1966), 37, 40-2. 7 PSAS, xc (1956-7), 7-23. 8 Ibid.; TDGAS, xliv (1967), 99-116; Archaeologia Aeliana, 4th series, xlvi (1968), 46-50; Agricultural History Review, xix (1971), 1-24; PPS, xxxix (1973), 339-44. -- 8
lanarkshire-1978/03_041 INTRODUCTION : THE BRONZE AGE Smaller groups include those in Pettinain parish (Nos.14, 23 and 106), and in Upper Clydes- dale, near Elvanfoot (Nos. 3, 15, 32 and 56). Unfortunately, they are all extremely vulnerable to ploughing and stone-robbing and evidence that the distribution was originally more exten- sive is furnished by early sources, which record the wholesale destruction of small cairns at sites such as Lupus (No. 81) and Wester Yardhouses-Hare Law (No. 113). Occasional stony banks occur, as at Horse Law (No. 64, 6), Easton-Medwin Water (No. 46, 1) and Wester [Map inserted] Fig 3. Distribution map of groups of small cairns etc. in the Carnwath-Dunsyre area Yardhouses-Hare Law (No. 113, 1), and a low scarp at Windy Gate (No. 118, 2), but it is not considered that any of these features need be contemporary with the cairns. If the stones were indeed the result of field clearance, in some cases the building of a cairn does not seem to have been the most convenient method of disposal; marshy patches and river banks immedi- ately adjacent to Nos. 46, 64 and 118 would have proved more suitable dumping-places by obviating the need for encroachment on arable ground. In some instances a few small cairns are found lying close to unenclosed platform settlements (e.g. Nos. 189, 193 and 199), with -- 9
lanarkshire-1978/03_042 INTRODUCTION : THE BRONZE AGE which they may be contemporary, but the cairn groups under discussion do not occur in association with any known settlement sites. Whereas the majority of the cairns are small in size, nevertheless a quarter of them measure between 4.0 m and 9.5 m in diameter and would, if found in isolation elsewhere, be unhesi- tatingly regarded as sepulchral monuments. The little that is known of the structure of the cairns is not helpful: the presence of large boulders around the perimeter (e.g. No. 64, 7, A; No. 113, 7, E and F) is not a diagnostic feature, and the numerous reports of the occurrence, in Lanarkshire and elsewhere, of charcoal or other traces of burning on the old ground surface (e.g. No. 113, 4) could equally be the result of funerary rites or of agricultural clearance. The fact that many of the cairns contain a large proportion of earth (e.g. No. 74), and the presence of what appear to be equally small barrows amongst them, argue against agricultural clearance being the reason for their construction. Moreover, the small-scale excavations at Wester Yardhouses-Hare Law (Nos. 113, 7, B and C) showed that, while the cairns were simply heaps of stones containing no artifacts, analyses of the soil produced the high levels of phosphorus indicative of the former presence of a burial. More positive evidence that the small cairns were intended for funerary purposes is provided by the cists found within them at Wester Yard- houses-Hare Law (No. 113, 3 and 7, D); another cist, of dry-stone walling, has been reported at Horse Law (No. 64, 7). At Lupus (No. 81) a cannel coal 'pulley-ring', a type usually associ- ated with Beaker pottery, was found when a number of small cairns were destroyed in the 19th century. In addition, it is perhaps significant that other structures of a ritual or funerary nature sometimes occur within the clusters of small cairns: these include the two long cairns (Nos. 1 and 2), a ditched enclosure (No. 326) and a cairn with a concentric bank (No. 46, 3). The tendency for small cairns to occur close to a large one has long been recognised ¹ (e.g. Nos. 46, 67 and 113), and the large stone cairns (No. 114) on the opposite bank of the Westruther Burn from the principal series at Horse Law are strikingly similar to those already recorded on North Muir Hill in Peeblesshire ² in close proximity to groups of small cairns. ³ (Fig. 3). In Dumfriesshire, enclosed cremation cemeteries have been identified in the midst of broadly similar groups of cairns, and the circular structures at Wester Yardhouses-Hare Law (No. 113, 8; Fig. 23, G) and Fall Kneesend (No. 56) may be funerary enclosures of this type, as, conceivably, may be other small enclosures at Horse Law (No. 64, 7; Fig. 18, L and M) and Windy Gate (No. 118, 2). Taking all the evidence into account, including the radiocarbon date of about 3000 BC from Chatton Sandyford, Northumberland, ⁴ a date within the Neolithic period seems likely for the initial phase of these groups of small cairns in Lanarkshire. Quite apart from their numbers, there is some reason for believing that the construction of such small cairns may have continued for a considerable period of time; the excavation of a number of similar cairns at Alnham, Northumberland, revealed that one covered a cremation and an area of burning which were associated with a bronze pin dated to the 2nd century BC, ⁵ but no evidence for such a late date has so far been found in Scotland. 1 Greenwell, W, British Barrows (1877), 419-21. 2 Inventory of Peeblesshire, i, Nos. 47-8. 3 Ibid., No. 70. 4 Archaeologia Aeliana, 4th series, xlvi (1968), 40. 5 Archaeologia Aeliana, 4th series, xliv (1966), 23-3. -- 10
lanarkshire-1978/03_112 No. 172 -- STANDING STONES -- No. 180 depth, with a fine whitish sand, among which the urn was standing in an inverted position. Upon removing the urn, something of a soft slimy nature was found upon the sand, which, probably, might be the ashes of human bones. ¹ This appears to have been a small cinerary urn cemetery, with each burial deposit pro- tected by a setting of stones (cf. No. 143). If this monu- ment, whose affinities are discussed in the Introduction (p. 4), is indeed a Late Neolithic or Early Bronze Age ritual enclosure, it is likely that the burials did not in fact antedate the construction of the bank but were subsequently inserted into it. Immediately outside the bank on the WNW there is a small sub-circular enclosure of uncertain purpose (950405). It measures about 40 m in diameter within a stony bank averaging 8.5 m in thickness and up to 0.7 m high; this bank also has been severely robbed. A gap on the SE may represent an original entrance. NS 94 SE -- September 1976 STANDING STONES 172 Standing Stone, Blackhill, Lesmahagow (Site). There is now no trace of the standing stone 'fully six feet (1.83 m) high' recorded at a point some 220 m N of the farm of Blackhill; ² it was apparently removed before 1954. ³ 829442 -- NS 84 SW -- June 1971 173 Standing Stone, Braidwood (Site). The standing stone recorded on the second edition of the OS map near the N end of Selkirk Street, Braidwood, ⁴ has since been removed. 843479 -- NS 84 NW -- June 1971 174 Standing Stone, Cairney Mount, Carluke (Site). A standing stone situated at Cairney Mount, Carluke, was destroyed in the early 19th century. ⁵ Nothing further is known about its location though the name Standing- stone Well to the SW of Cairney Mount may record its approximate position. c. 852505 -- NS 85 SE -- June 1971 175 Standing Stone, Clarkston (Site). There is now no trace of the standing stone that formerly existed on the farm of Clarkston. ⁶ c. 8342 -- NS 84 SW -- June 1971 176 Standing Stone, Crookedstane, Elvanfoot. This stone (Pl. 8c) stands in the middle of a level field 160 m N of Crookedstane farmhouse. Measuring 1.2 m by 0.6 m at the base, with the long axis aligned NE and SW, it now leans towards the NW at an angle of 45º from the horizontal, so that its pointed top stands only 1.4 m above ground-level, although the visible part of the stone extends to 1.8 m in length; there is evidence ⁷ that the tilting of the stone is not a recent occurrence. Its surface is covered with natural cup-shaped hollows caused by weathering. 965153 -- NS 91 NE -- June 1971 177 Standing Stone, 'Crooked Stone', Crooked- stone. This stone is situated in a field 220 m N of Crookedstone on a site that commands extensive views to E and NE. Although formerly leaning at a consider- able angle, it was set upright in the early 19th century ⁸ and now leans only slightly to the NW. It measures 1.8 m in height, has a girth of 1.4 m at the base, and rises with straight sides to a rounded top (Pl. 8B). 723500 -- NS 75 SW -- August 1974 178 Standing Stone, Hallhill (Site). There was for- merly a standing stone on the farm of Hallhill, at a point about 180 m NW of No. l72, but it had already been removed to the side of the field by the late 19th century. ⁹ What may have been the same stone was seen in 1966 by officers of the Ordnance Survey, who re- ported that it measured 1.4 m by 0.7 m and 0.3 m in thickness; ¹° this stone had disappeared by 1974. 827443 -- NS 84 SW -- August 1974 179 Standing Stone, Shawton (Site). No trace now survives of the stone, 1.4 m in height, that once stood in a field beside the public road about 120 m NE of Shawton farmhouse. ¹¹ 681490 -- NS 64 NE -- September 1973 180 Standing Stone, Standingstone Hill (Site). There is now no trace of the standing stone that formerly stood on the summit of Standingstone Hill (369 m OD). ¹² 759351 -- NS 73 NE -- September 1971 1 Stat. Acct., xii (1794), 39-40; ibid. (reissue), vii (1973), 552-3. 2 TGAS, new series, iii (1895-7), 502; shown on the OS 6-inch map, 2nd edition (1898), sheet xxv SW. 3 OS Record Card NS 84 SW 4. 4 OS 6-inch map, 2nd edition (1898), sheet xxv NW. 5 NSA, vi (Lanark), 581. 6 TGAS, new series, iii (1895-7), 502-3. 7 Wilson, J A, A Contribution to the History of Lanarkshire, ii (1937), 258. 8 NSA, vi (Lanark), 271. 9 TGAS, new series, iii (1895-7), 502. 10 OS Record Card NS 84 SW 6. 11 Name Book, No. 26, p. 22. 12 Name Book, No. 45, p. 72. -- 80
lanarkshire-1978/03_118 [Drawing inserted] Fig. 36. Unenclosed platform settlement, Normangill Rig (No. 199, 3) -- 85
lanarkshire-1978/03_119 No. 201 -- HOMESTEADS AND SETTLEMENTS -- No. 205 201 Unenclosed Platform Settlement, Reed Gill. About 200 m W of the confluence of the Reed gill and the Camps Water, and at a height of 300 m OD, there are three platforms, each measuring 13 m in width. 987226 -- NS 92 SE -- September 1976 202 Unenclosed Platform Settlement, Whelphill. Spread over a distance of about 600 m westwards from Whelphill farmhouse, there is a settlement consisting of at least eleven platforms which are situtated at a height of about 300 m OD. The platforms are here described as they occur from W to E. Four of them, measuring 19m, 15 m, 13 m and 12 m in width respectively, lie between the E edge of an area of improved pasture and an unnamed tributary of the Midlock Water. Almost immediately E of the tributary there are two more platforms, one above the other, which measure 15 m and 18 m in width. A single plat- form, 17 m wide, lies about 150 m farther E. Lastly, immediately WNW of Whelphill there are at least four platforms disposed in line obliquely across the contours; they measure 19 m, 20 m, 17.5 m and 17 m in width respectively. This settlement, together with Nos. 198 and 199 farther to the W, forms a complex of platforms which extends for a distance of 3 km along the N side of the valley of the Midlock Water. 985205-991206 -- NS 92 SE -- September 1976 HOMESTEADS AND SETTLEMENTS 203 Settlement, Berries Burn. This settlement (Fig. 37) occupies the end of a small promontory which pro- jects from the lower SE slopes of Castle Hill, being flanked on the E by the Berries Burn and on the W by a wide marshy hollow. Lying only 85 m NE of the fort No. 214, it consists of an incomplete enclosure which is bounded by a curvilinear bank and ditch and measures 43 m internally from N to S. The bank measures about 4.6 m in average thickness and stands to a maximum height of 1 m above the bottom of the shallow ditch. There is no suggestion that the bank and ditch were ever constructed on the E side, although it is possible that the settlement was originally enclosed by a palisade, which was in the course of being replaced by an earth- work when the occupation of the site came to an end; ¹ no surface indications of such a palisade can, however, be seen. The interior contains traces of a single ring-ditch house measuring about 12.8 m in diameter over all. 952220 -- NS 92 SE -- February 1975 [Drawing inserted] Fig. 37. Settlement, Berries Burn (No. 203) 204 Homestead and Enclosure, Cairney (Sites). Considerable deposits of overburden stripped from adjacent quarry-workings now conceal the remains of the homestead and associated enclosure that once occupied the crest of a low rocky spur near the summit of Cairney, 200 m SSE of the cairn No. 26. It is recorded ² that the homestead was oval on plan and measured 52 m from NE to SW by 41 m transversely within a low earthen bank. In the middle of the N half of the interior there were traces of a stance fro a round timber house 12 m in diameter, which was enclosed by a grass-grown bank 1.3 m wide and 0.3 m high; the house was entered from the SSE. Immediately to the SW of the homestead there was a sub-rectangular enclosure measuring 28 m by 26 m, also within a slight earthen bank. Its purpose and relationship to the homestead are not known. 852663 (Homestead) -- NS 86 NE -- August 1969 852662 (Enclosure) 205 Settlement, Cold Chapel. This settlement (Pl. 9A) is situated 430 m NNE of Cold Chapel farmhouse, and at a height of 250 m OD, on gently sloping ground near the foot of the W slopes of White Hill. Oval on plan (Fig. 38), it is bounded by what has been a massive bank of earth and stones which encloses an area measur- ing 78 m by 69 m; there is no trace of a ditch. Although considerably denuded, the bank still stands to a maximum height of 3.7 m externally and 2.1 m internally. The three gaps in the bank all appear to be original entrances. The interior, the level of which falls 9.1 m from E to W, bears clear indications of later cultivation, especially in the lower (W) half, but in the higher (E) half at least nine crescentic house-platforms can be distinguished. 937251 -- NS 92 NW -- August 1975 1 As, for example, at Hayhope Knowe, Roxburghshire (PSAS, lxxxiii (1948-9), 45-67). 2 OS Record Card NS 86 NE 2. -- 86
lanarkshire-1978/03_141 No. 241 -- CRANNOGS -- No. 242 [Drawing inserted] Fig. 66. Fort, West Whitecastle (No. 240) all other traces of the outer rampart and has even encroached upon the NE sector of the inner rampart. The latter sector has been further obscured by planta- tion bank and an associated small turf enclosure. What seems to have been the only entrance is situated in the WSW arc of the inner rampart. The interior of the fort, which is crossed by a post-and-wire fence, shows no signs of structures. 011415 -- NT 04 SW -- November 1976 CRANNOGS 241 Crannog, Green Knowe (Site). The position of this crannog can just be distinguished as a slight swelling in the surface of the marshy ground 650m NE of Coulter Shaw, between Cow Castle (No. 226) and Shaw Hill. It is described in the New Statistical Account ¹ as an oval mound measuring about 120 feet by 90 feet (36.6 m by 27.4 m) and standing to a height of 2 feet to 3 feet (0.6 m to 0.9 m) above the surrounding moss. The mound, which had by this time been severely denuded by quarry- ing, was composed of stones consolidated by upright timbers; a causeway linked the crannog to firmer ground. 042335 -- NT 03 SW -- July 1970 242 Crannog, Hyndford. The remains of this crannog are situated among trees 130m NNW of Hyndford. Formerly an artificial islet near the margin of a small loch, it now appears as a low, roughly circular mound measuring about 23 m across and surrounded by a dry, ditch-like hollow, 0.8 m in average depth, which varies in width from 4.0 m on the N to as much as 12.0 m on the SW. The following description is largely based on the published report of excavations carried out on the site in 1898. ² The crannog was founded on a platform composed of a layer of brushwood laid directly on the bed of the loch and covered by a layer of fine clay, which formed the floor of a circular house measuring about 10.4 m in diameter within a wall constructed on a framework of upright wooden posts. The posts were disposed some- what irregularly in what appeared to have been two, or possibly three, closely-set concentric rings, about 15 m in diameter over all, with their stumps projecting up to 0.6 m above the clay floor, and with their bases firmly lodged in the brushwood layer beneath. Although their primary function was to provide the outer framework for the house, they would also have served to consolidate the substructure. It should be noted that the limits of the excavation extended only a short distance outside the outer ring of posts, leaving a strip, between 3.0 m and 4.5 m wide, round the perimeter, which could not be fully investigated because of flooding. Within the central area enclosed by the posts there were at least three hearths, each consisting of a roughly circular area of paving about 0.6 m in diameter, sur- rounded by ashes. To counteract the gradual subsidence of the underlying brushwood foundation, the levels of both the floor and the hearths had been periodically raised, and one of the hearths had been rebuilt on two occasions. A large quantity of ashes, charcoal and animal bones was discovered throughout the layer of mixed debris, up to 0.9 m deep, that had accumulated over the floor. A particularly heavy concentration of rubbish, situated partly within and partly outside the circle of piles on the SE, probably represented the principal kitchen-midden. In addition, however, to this organic material the site yielded a large assemblage of relics remarkable alike for their variety as for their quantity. The collection, which is in the National Museum of Antiquities of Scotland, comprises mainly objects of metal, glass, pottery and stone. The metal objects include a torc (Pl. 5F) con- sisting of bronze beads strung on a thin iron rod; 1 NSA, vi (Lanark), 346; PSAS, vi (1864-6), 160-1. 2 PSAS, xxxiii (1898-9), 373-87. -- 108
lanarkshire-1978/03_152 No. 249 -- ROMAN MONUMENTS -- No. 250 that of the labour camps associated with the E sector of the Wall. ¹ 581717 (Fort) NS 57 SE October 1975 580718 (Bridge) 586722 (Temporary Camp) 249 Roman Watch-tower, Beattock Summit (Site). Inspection of air photographs taken by the RAF (541/ A/530, 3137-8) revealed the presence of a circular ditched enclosure approximately 380 m E of Beattock Summit and 27 m NE of the Roman road from Carlisle to the Forth (No. 263), which at this point runs along the foot of the steep SW face of Nap Hill. The work was partially excavated by one of the Commission's officers in 1966 ² and shown to be a Roman watch-tower (Fig. 72) similar to those found on Gask Ridge, ³ but it has now been almost totally destroyed by afforestation. The ditch, which enclosed an area about 7 m in diameter and measured 1.5 m in average width by not more than 0.3 m in depth, had presumably served for drainage rather than defence; it had been interrupted for an entrance approximately 1.5 m wide on the SW, the side facing the road, and there were traces of a low stony bank bordering its outer lip on the E and NW. Surprisingly, the ground enclosed sloped comparatively steeply from NE to SW, and it had therefore been neces- sary to cut back into the hillside in order to secure a more level stance for the tower. The latter, a timber structure raised upon a framework of four uprights, each about 0.2 m thick and square in cross-section, was centrally placed and was designed to be 3.2 m square over all but it had been slightly distorted in the process of laying it out; its basement floor consisted of a light pitching of stones. Although no datable relics were found during the excavation, it seems probable that the tower, which exhibited only one period of occupation and had been deliberately dismantled on abandonment, was associated with the Antonine fortlet of Redshaw Burn (No. 259), situated two and a half Roman miles (3.7 km) distant along the Roman road to the SE. Its position, barely 30 m above the valley floor, affords scarcely any outlook to NE and SW, and the main function of the tower must have been to keep watch and ward along the road leading to the fortlet from the NW. In dimensions and plan it bears a close resemblance to the watch-tower of White Type, Dumfriesshire, ⁴ lying a similar distance to the SE of Redshaw Burn (see Introduction, p. 37). 999153 NS 91 NE November 1972 250 Roman Fort, Bothwellhaugh. The Roman fort of Bothwellhaugh (Fig. 73) occupies a strong defensive position on the right bank of the River Clyde immediately NE of its confluence with the South Calder Water, overlooking the now wholly inundated haughs to the E of Bothwell village from which the site takes its name. Its existence was first recorded at the end of the 18th century, ⁵ at which time cultivation was just beginning to encroach upon the remains. In the course of the next century, however, the site was so heavily damaged by agriculture and afforestation that it was only redis- covered shortly before the Second World War, and identified as Roman by excavation. The examination, carried out by J M Davidson in 1938-9, ⁶ was restricted to the defences of the fort on the NW, SW and SE sides, the rampart and ditches on the remaining side being located by the Commission in 1967-8. ⁷ An external bath-house, subsequently discovered by the Com- mission's officers to the NW of the fort during the construction of a roadway for the newly created Strath- clyde Park, was excavated in 1975, ⁸ and, at the time of writing is threatened with inundation. The following account and the accompanying plan are thus based upon three excavation reports. ⁹ The fort is situated at the W end of a broad level promontory, protected on the NW and SW by an abrupt fall in 16 m to the banks of the South Calder Water and the River Clyde respectively. Between the fort and the equally steep NE flank of the promontory there is an extensive area of flat ground, which was probably tra- versed by the Roman road No. 264. The easiest access was by way of the comparatively narrow neck of the promontory on the E. The site is at present obscured by a dense growth of scrub, and only the SE and NE ramparts can still be clearly seen above ground, the for- mer appearing as a grassy bank standing 1.5 m in maximum height and spread in places to a thickness of more than 15 m, the latter, 1.1 m in average height, being partly masked by a modern track and a field- boundary that cut obliquely across it. Excavation showed that the fort was trapezoidal on plan; its dimensions over the rampart were approximately 152 m by 131 m and it occupied an area of 1.65 ha (4.1 acres). The main defence had been a clay rampart measuring from 7.2 m to 8.1 m in thickness, the inner and outer face of which were originally supported by a stone base. There was evidence to show that at some time the rampart front, at least on the NE, had been repaired; to the S of the NE gate the original outer face had been cut away and replaced with a turf cheek, while to the N the turf had been applied as an additional revetment which increased the rampart thickness beside 1 PSAS, lxxxix (1955-6), 329-36. 2 Britannia, vii (1976), 33-8. 3 PSAS, xxxv (1900-1), 25-35. 4 South-western Scotland, 24. 5 Stat. Acct., iii (1793), 458; ibid. (reissue), vii (1973), 243. 6 South-western Scotland, 172-87. 7 Britannia, vi (1975), 20-35. 8 Current Archaeology, v (1975-6), 154-6; the Commissioners are indebted to the excavator, Mr L J F Keppie, for assist- ance in preparing this report. 9 Certain discrepancies which can be detected between Davidson's account and his published plan (South-western Scotland, pl. lxii) suggest that the latter was intended rather as a sketch: in particular the N angle appears to be displaced about 10 m to the NW. The plan and measurements given here thus represent an attempt to correlate the visible surface traces and the results of the 1938-9 and 1967-8 excavations. [Page] 119
lanarkshire-1978/03_154 No. 251 ROMAN MONUMENTS No. 251 the gate by as much as 1.8m [metres] but which diminished in width towards the N [North] angle. It is possible that the curious stepped appearance of the rampart foundation on the SW [South West], which was thought to be a structural device to provide a firm base for the rampart on the crest of the escarpment, may also have resulted from a secondary repair. The ditches were varied in number and dimensions: two were considered necessary on the more vulnerable NE [North East] and SE [South East], but apparently only one of each of the re- maining sides; at Roman ground-level the ditches measured from 5.2m [metres] to 1.5m [metres] in width and from 1.2m [metres] to 0.6m [metres] in depth, the deepest and widest being found on the SE [South East] front. The positions of all the entrances except that on the SW [South West] have been approximately deter- mined be excavation, but none has been examined in detail. Nevertheless, it seems likely that the NE [North East] gate was twin-portalled and that the entrance-passage, which measured approximately 6m [metres] in width, was flanked on each side by a timber tower incorporating a guard- chamber in its ground floor. Little is known about the street plan or the internal buildings, save that some structures at least were of timber and exhibited two structural phases. Further secondary work was observed on the SE [South East] side of the fort, where an oven built against the inner rampart-face had subsequently been demolished and incorporated in a ramp, probably an ascensus, which contained fragments of brick and tile from a hypocausted structure. The external bath-house, which lay close to the left bank of the South Calder Water 95m [metres] NW [North West] of the fort, displayed two structural phases and was of simple plan. In its ruins there was discovered a fragment of a building record bearing the letters COH (cohors). The identity of the garrison is unknown, but consider- ation of the size of the fort suggests that it may have been a cohors quingenaria equitata. All the relics recovered from the site are of Antonine date. 731578 NS 75 NW November 1973
lanarkshire-1978/03_177 No. 266 -- MISCELLANEOUS EARTHWORKS AND ENCLOSURES -- No. 270 for much of its course by modern roads and railways, sufficient evidence has survived to indicate the approxi- mate alignment. For a distance of about 1.5 km NE of Elvanfoot the road appears to have kept close to the left bank of the river as it makes a great bend to the E, but some 400 m NNE of Rowantree Pool (958187), where the river flats become more extensive, it inclines to the N, pursuing a more direct course across the lower SE slopes of Ellershie Hill. Before the Glasgow-Carlisle road (A 74) was converted into a dual carriageway in 1963, the Roman causeway could be seen to converge gradually with it, the point of junction being about 450 m SSW of Stoneyburn farmhouse. No further traces have been recognized, but if Roy is correct in his assertion ¹ that the road was aiming at a crossing of the River Clyde near Crawford Castle, its course beyond this point cannot have lain far from that of the main street of Crawford village, which runs in a straight line to the NNW for more than 1.3 km and passes within 60 m of the temporary camps at Bellfield (cf. No. 255). About 400 m S of Crawford Castle the old line of the village street is crossed by the main railway line from Glasgow to Carlisle, and the truncated portion of road to the N, here bearing the name of Watling Street, inclines further to the NW to take advantage of a convenient spur which leads down to the bank of the River Clyde. Hereabouts, some distance to the SW of the fort No. 255, the Roman road was presumably carried across the river by a bridge, but the precise location of the crossing is still unknown. On the far bank, probably to the NE of the fort, the road will have rejoined the main trunk route from Annandale (No. 263). 916059- -- NS 90 NW, NS 91 SW, NS 91 SE, -- Various 954214 -- NS 91 NE, NS 92 SE -- dates 1969-71 266 Supposed Roman Road, Roberton to Castle- dykes. It has been suggested ² that a Roman branch-road left the main Crawford-Inveresk road (No. 263) in the vicinity of Roberton and ran thence NW to the fort at Castledykes (No. 252). The remains cited in evidence have been examined by the Commission's officers, and adjudged to be simply parts of the medieval and later road-system connecting Upper Clydesdale with Lanark by way of Tinto and Hyndford Bridge. ³ 943287- -- NS 92 NW, NS 93 SW, -- July 1969 926376 -- NS 93 NW, NS 94 SW MISCELLANEOUS EARTHWORKS AND ENCLOSURES 267 Enclosure, Airbles (Site). It is recorded ⁴ that until the 18th century a ditch enclosed an oblong area of about 0.1 ha (0.25 acres) on the edge of the steep slope above the River Clyde. When the ditch was cleared out no finds were made except for some clinker, but to mark the site the existing dwelling called 'The Summer House', was built and the area landscaped. A mineral railway and tip now cover part of the over- grown and derelict area outside the garden of The Summer House, which lies immediately W of the railway viaduct and cutting on the N bank of the River Clyde. Excavations into a putative bank and ditch running parallel to the SE side of the garden revealed no indi- cation of an artificial origin. ⁵ 748557 -- NS 75 NW -- March 1975 268 Earthwork, Bank Farm, Dolphinton (Site). No visible traces remain of the earthwork that was formerly situated 1.6 km SW of Dolphinton village at Bank Farm; partly destroyed by the construction of the Edinburgh-Biggar road, it was obliterated when Bank Farm was built. ⁶ From this site may have come the small bronze figure of a bull (Pl. 5H) and the 'trumpet' brooch, now missing, that were donated to the National Museum of Antiquities of Scotland in 1882. ⁷ 094453 -- NT 04 NE -- July 1969 269 Enclosures, Biggar (Sites). At the SE corner of an arable field immediately N of the Biggar-Broughton road, and opposite the house called 'Murrayfield', the presence of two adjacent ditched enclosures is disclosed by crop-marks on an air photograph (CUCAP no. DN 27). The larger enclosure is sub-circular, measuring about 36 m in diameter over the ditch, while the smaller is square in shape, measuring about 12 m across. Near its SW angle, the ditch of the larger en- closure appears to merge with that forming the E side of the smaller. There is no indication of an entrance through either ditch. 049378 -- NT 03 NW -- July 1969 270 Enclosure, Bizzyberry Hill. In the saddle 150 m E of the fort No. 215 there is an enclosure which measures about 12 m over all and consists of a central area, about 6.2 m in diameter, surrounded by a ditch up to 2.9 m wide and 0.4 m deep. The ditch is interrupted on the ESE by a causeway 1.7 m wide. Ploughing has removed the outer lip of the ditch for a short stretch on the S. The possibility that this enclosure was made for ritual purposes is discussed in the Introduction, p. 8. 049393 -- NT 03 NW -- February 1975 1 Military Antiquities, 105. 2 TDGAS, 3rd series, xxxi (1952-3), 30-4. 3 The route, shown on Roy's Military Survey (sheet 6/4), appears to be that followed by Pococke in 1760 (Pococke, Tours, 43-4). 4 Stat. Acct., iii (1792), 456; ibid. (reissue), vii (1973), 241. 5 South-western Scotland, 77-8 6 Name Book, No. 22, p. 18. 7 PSAS, lxvi (1931-2), 380; Irving and Murray, Upper Ward, i, pl. ix, 2. -- 144
lanarkshire-1978/03_178 No. 271 -- MISCELLANEOUS EARTHWORKS AND ENCLOSURES -- No. 275 271 Earthwork, Blairlinn (Site). The crop-mark of an unrecorded earthwork lying 490 m WNW of Luggie Bridge is visible on RAF air photographs taken in August 1947 (82/RAF/1236, F21, 0187-8). The site, formerly in arable land but now buried by part of the Blairlinn Industrial Area, occupies the NW tip of a stretch of level ground bounded on the N and W by the river cliff of the Luggie Water. The angle of land thus formed above the river has been cut off by a ditch approximately 80 m long and 5 m wide, the area enclosed being roughly triangular in shape and measuring 75 m from SW to NE by 60 m transversely. 758729 -- NS 77 SE -- September 1974 272 Earthwork, Boghall. On low-lying ground about 1 km S of Biggar there is an earthwork measuring about 76 m in internal diameter, which has been bisected by the public road from Biggar to Hartree. The portion of the earthwork that lies W of the road (Fig. 87) has been severely reduced by cultivation, but some slight remains survive of double banks and a medial ditch. On the N, where they are best preserved, both banks are spread to a thickness of 10.7 m; the inner bank stands to a height of only 0.2 m internally and 1.2 m above the bottom of the ditch, while the outer bank rises to 0.5 m above the ditch and 0.8 m above the level of the ground outside. The portion of the earthwork that lies E of the road has been almost completely obliterated, but can be seen as shadow-marks on RAF air photographs (543/RAF/2042, F21, 0136-7). There is no indication of an entrance. 038365 -- NT 03 NW -- April 1972 273 Enclosure, Bogton (Site). This enclosure, whose presence is disclosed by a crop-mark on an air photo- graph (CUCAP no. E 47), is situated on the NE end of a low ridge 325 m SSW of Bogton farmhouse. It appears to be roughly circular on plan and measures about 30 m in diameter within a single ditch. The position of the entrance is uncertain. 620730 -- NS 67 SW -- November 1975 274 Earthwork, Brownsbank 1 (Site). An oval earthwork, measuring approximately 45 m by 30 m within double ditches, is revealed by crop-marks on air photographs taken by the Cambridge University Com- mittee for Aerial Photography and by the Commission (CUCAP no. JU 70; NMRS nos. LA 1484-5) on low ground at the foot of an arable field 230 m SE of Browns- bank farmhouse. The ditches are about 26 m apart, and each is at least 2 m in width. No remains are visible on the ground. 080420 -- NT 04 SE -- August 1975 275 Enclosure, Brownsbank 2. A wasted enclosure, first detected from shadow-marks on RAF air photo- graphs (543/RAF/2042, F22, 0126-7), is situated on a [Drawing inserted] Fig. 87. Earthwork, Boghall (No. 272) shoulder of arable ground which projects from the lower W slopes of Broomy Law 780 m NNW of Brownsbank farmhouse. Roughly sub-rectangular on plan, it measures approxi- mately 12 m from NE to SW by 7.5 m transversely within a single bank 4 m in thickness, which now stands only 0.2 m above the level of the interior. The bank is accompanied by intermittent traces of an external ditch which, when sectioned by one of the Commission's officers, proved to be flat-bottomed, measuring 1.9 m wide and 0.6 m deep, with vertical sides; it was separated from the bank by a berm 1.5 m wide. A curious feature was the presence in the bottom of post-holes which had held upright timbers set against both vertical faces of -- 145
lanarkshire-1978/03_179 No. 276 -- MISCELLANEOUS EARTHWORKS AND ENCLOSURES -- No. 279 the ditch. Two small fragments of coarse hand-made pottery which were recovered from topsoil in the course of excavation, while not closely datable, bear a marked resemblance to certain Iron Age wares of the Tyne-Forth Province. 073428 -- NT 04 SE -- October 1975 276 Earthwork, Burghmuir (Site). Crop-markings on air photographs (CUCAP nos. A 12, E 18, AZI 15) dis- close a sub-rectangular earthwork (Pl. 14A) situated in an arable field 250 m SE of Burghmuir farmhouse. Nothing can be seen on the surface of the ground, which slopes down towards the lane leading from Biggar to Biggar Moss, but the photographs indicate what has probably been a bank and external ditch enclosing an area measuring about 75 m by 60 m, with a wide gap in the centre of the NW side and another at the E corner. Covering the whole of the NW side there has been an annexe bounded by a ditch and with a gap in line with that of the main enclosure. 051381 -- NT 03 NE -- November 1975 277 Enclosures, Burnfoot (Sites). Two adjacent ditched enclosures (Pl. 14B), situated on a terrace on the E bank of the River Clyde a little to the N of Burnfoot, are revealed by crop-marks on air photographs (CUCAP nos. BVB 103 and BVK 83). The more northerly is approximately circular, measuring about 90 m in dia- meter within two broad and widely spaced ditches. It may have been entered on the E side where there are two possible breaks in the line of the ditches, or through a much larger gap on the W. A polygonal enclosure formed by a single ditch, which can be seen immediately to the S, is somewhat larger; it is probably later in date as it appears to cut across the ditches of the other enclosure. 991405 -- NS 94 SE -- August 1976 278 Enclosure, Busby Glen. Inside the public park on the E lip of the gorge of the White Cart Water, at a point where the river bends slightly to the NW, a low bank, 4.8 m in thickness and 0.5 m in height, cuts off a roughly triangular area measuring 18 m from N to S by 21 m transversely (Fig. 88). The site has been [Drawing inserted] Fig. 88. Enclosure, Busby Glen (No. 278) disturbed by the planting and removal of trees and by the insertion of a concrete foundation, but three large boulders lying close together on the N side may represent part of a revetment for the bank. The entrance lies in the extreme NW, alongside the cliff edge. 579567 -- NS 55 NE -- March 1975 279 Earthwork, Cadzow. This earthwork is situated 275 m SSW of the ruins of Cadzow Castle on a pro- montory overlooking steep natural slopes that fall as much as 23 m to the Avon Water on the E and to an unnamed tributary on the N. Roughly D-shaped on plan (Fig. 89), measuring about 48 m internally along the chord by a maximum of 40 m transversely, the earthwork appears to have consisted of two banks and a medial ditch; but a field boundary and a track of comparatively [Drawing inserted] Fig. 89. Earthwork, Cadzow (No. 279) recent date have severely damaged the earlier structures, and any bank that may originally have existed on the inner edge of the ditch has been completely levelled. The ditch and outer bank are best preserved on the SW where they run across the neck of the promontory, the ditch measuring 2.4 m in depth and up to 9 m in width and the bank standing up to 2.1 m in height. Elsewhere, however, the ditch is virtually the only feature that survives, and there is no indication that either the banks or the ditch ever continued along the N side. The entrance probably lay somewhere within the wide gap on the WNW. 734534 -- NS 75 SW -- May 1975 -- 146
lanarkshire-1978/03_180 No. 280 -- MISCELLANEOUS EARTHWORKS AND ENCLOSURES -- No. 284 280 Earthwork, Cairncockle. This earthwork is situated at the S end of a broad ridge about 600 m E of Overwood, on the W side of the M 74 motorway. The greater part of the site has been destroyed by the construction of the motorway, and only a segment of the W side, including the entrance, now survives. In 1959, before the motorway was built, the work was described and planned by officers of the Ordnance Survey. ¹ Circular in shape, it measured about 29 m in diameter within a single ditch and slight counterscarp bank. The surviving segment of the ditch measures about 9 m in width and about 0.3 m in depth and is crossed by an entrance-causeway, some 8 m in width, on the NW side. 779456 -- NS 74 NE -- August 1974 281 Earthwork, Camp Knowe, Calderside (Site). The rounded natural knoll known as Camp Knowe, situated to the NE of the farm of Calderside, was formerly enclosed, at least in part, by a ditch, ² but this has been completely filled in by ploughing. 665547 -- NS 65 SE -- August 1974 282 Enclosure, Candybank 1. On a slight knoll at the edge of an arable field 850 m SSW of Candybank farm there is a circular enclosure (Fig. 90) measuring about 22 m in diameter within a single bank composed of earth and stones, Although the site faces rising ground to the N, it is protected on the SW by a steep scarp [Drawing inserted] Fig. 90. Enclosure, Candybank 1 (No. 282) dropping some 15 m to an unnamed tributary of the Candy Burn. An old field-bank and a modern fence bounding the SW side of the field roughly bisect the site, and the portion of the bank that lies within the field has been all but levelled by cultivation. To the SW of the fence, however, the bank has an average thickness of 5 m at the base and a maximum height of 0.6 m. A single earthfast stone on the SW suggests the presence of an outer revetment. There is no indication of an entrance but it presumably lay somewhere in the E arc. Traces of rig-and-furrow cultivation are visible to the W of the enclosure, between the fence and the scarp. 064407 -- NT 04 SE -- February 1975 283 Enclosure, Candybank 2 (Site). Air photographs (CUCAP nos. ATM 10-11) reveal the crop-mark of a ditched enclosure (Pl. 15B) situated on level ground on the W flank of Castle Hill, Candybank, within 350 m of the fort No. 222. Sub-rectangular in shape, the enclosure measures about 110 m by 90 m over what appears to have been a substantial ditch. There is no indication of an entrance and no remains are visible on the ground. 061411 -- NT 04 SE -- February 1975 284 Earthwork, Castlehill Strip, Newton. On the summit of a broad ridge projecting NW from Dungavel Hill, 800 m WNW of Newton farmhouse, there is an earthwork (Fig. 91) which measures about 61 m in [Drawing inserted] Fig. 91. Earthwork, Castlehill Strip, Newton. (No. 284) diameter within double banks and a medial ditch. The inner bank has been largely destroyed to build a planta- tion-bank approximately on the same line. The outer 1 OS Record Card NS 74 NE 10. 2 NSA, vi (Lanark), 321. -- 147
lanarkshire-1978/03_181 No. 285 -- MISCELLANEOUS EARTHWORKS AND ENCLOSURES -- No. 288 bank has been levelled by cultivation on the SW, but elsewhere it stands 1-2 m above the bottom of the ditch and 0.6 m above the level of the ground outside. There are two entrances, the one on the E measuring 4.6 m wide, and the other, on the SW, 2.7 m wide. 929318 -- NS 93 SW -- July 1975 285 Earthwork, Castle Hill, Symington. In a planta- tion on the summit of Castle Hill,
lanarkshire-1978/03_196 GLOSSARY Accessory Vessel. A type of small pottery vessel (e.g. Pl. 3A) commonly found with Cinerary Urns (q.v.). Agger. The cambered mound of a Roman road. Ala. A regiment of Roman auxiliary cavalry, with a numerical strength of 500 (quingenaria) or 1000 (milliaria) (Latin). Ansate. Used to describe a Roman inscribed panel which has wedge-shaped extensions on either side. Similar panels with crescentic extensions are termed peltate. As. A low denomination Roman bronze coin (Latin). Ascensus. A ramp or flight of steps giving access to a wall-head (Latin). Ballista. In Roman artillery, a catapult used to fire heavy bolts or stone balls (Latin). Beaker. A type of pottery vessel used in the late 3rd and early 2nd millennia BC, varying in form, but usually highly decorated and often found with inhumation burials (e.g. Pl. 1A-C). Biconical Urn. A type of Cinerary Urn (q.v.), shaped like two truncated cones set base to base. Bivallate. In fortification, having two lines of defence. Bracer. In archery, a wrist-guard. Capricorn. A mythical beast, half goat, half fish. Castor ware. A type of Roman pottery decorated with a coloured slip and often with scenes in relief, made from the 2nd century onwards near Castor (Northants). Centuria. A subdivision of a cohort (see Cohors), with a numerical strength of about eighty (Latin). Cinerary Urn. A generic term for several types of large pottery vessels used as containers for cremated burials in the 2nd millennium BC (e.g. Pl. 4B). Clavicula. A curved internal or external extension of the rampart and/or ditch, denying direct entry to the gateway of a Roman fort or temporary camp (Latin). Cohors. A unit of Roman troops constituting (i) approximately the tenth part of a legion, or (ii) an auxiliary infantry regiment 500 strong (quingenaria, hence quingenary) or 1000 strong (milliaria, hence milliary), sometimes with a mounted contingent (equitata, hence equitate) (Latin). Corbel. A block of stone or timber projecting from a wall to support a superincumbent weight. Counterscarp, see Scarp. Enlarged Food Vessel. A type of Cinerary Urn (q.v.) resembling a Food Vessel (q.v.) in form and decoration, but much taller, having an average height of about 0.35 m (e.g. Pl. 4A). Equitate (equitata), see Cohors. Food Vessel. A type of thick-walled decorated pottery vessel, rarely exceeding 0.15 m in height, used in the 2nd millennium BC (e.g. Pl. 2C). Halberd. A small pointed bronze blade fixed transversely to its shaft. Intervallum. The space between the rampart and the internal buildings of a Roman fort, usually occupied by the intervallum road (Latin). Lilia. A staggered series of defensive pits designed to impede access to a Roman fortification (Latin). Lock-ring. A small penannular gold ornament, probably worn in the hair during the late 2nd and early 1st millennia BC. Lynchets. Cultivation scarps and terraces on hillsides, the positive element comprising the accumulation of plough soil from uphill, the negative element being cut away by the plough and moved downhill. Microlith. A very small implement of flint, chert, etc. Milliary (milliaria) see Cohors. Mortarium. A Roman mixing-bowl (Latin). Motte. The mound of a Norman castle. Multivallate. In fortification, having three or more lines of defence. -- 163
lanarkshire-1978/03_197 GLOSSARY Numerus. An irregular unit of the Roman army, probably smaller than a cohort but larger than a century, composed of troops levied in a frontier area for service elsewhere (Latin). Oppidum. An Iron Age fort, the exceptional size and commanding position of which suggests that it may have been a tribal centre (Latin). Patera. A Roman bronze saucepan (Latin). Peltate, see Ansate. Porta decumana, porta praetoria, porta principalis dextra, porta principalis sinistra. Respectively, the gates situated at the rear, front, right-hand side and left-hand side of a Roman fort or temporary camp, viewed from the headquarters building (Latin). Praesidium. A Roman fortified post (Latin). Praetentura. The part of the interior of a Roman fort that lies in front of the via principalis (q.v.) (Latin). Praetorium. The residence of the officer commanding a Roman fort (Latin). Principia. The headquarters building of a Roman fort (Latin). Pulley-ring. A small grooved ring with lateral perforations, probably a belt fastener, commonly made of jet or bone, and usually found in association with Beaker pottery. Quingenary (quingenaria), see Cohors. Retentura. The part of the interior of a Roman fort or temporary camp that lies behind the buildings of the central range (Latin). Ring-ditch house. A circular timber-framed house, having an internal or external ditch which may be visible on the surface before excavation. Ring-groove house. A circular timber-framed house, the posts of which stood in a continuous bedding-trench; owing to subsequent settlement of the filling, the trench is sometimes visible before excavation as a shallow groove on the surface of the ground. Sacellum. The regimental chapel in the headquarters building of a Roman fort (Latin). Samian. Pottery of superior quality, usually glossy red in colour, imported into Britain in the Roman period. Scarp. Of a ditch, the inner slope as opposed to the counterscarp, or outer slope. Sole-plate. A rebated horizontal piece of wood that acts as a foundation for a vertical post. Terret. In horse harness, a ring through which the reins are passed. Titulum. A short stretch of bank and ditch sited in front of the entrance to a Roman fort or temporary camp as a protection against direct assault (Latin). Torc. An ornament of twisted metal, usually penannular, worn around the neck. Vexillation. A body of Roman soldiers on detachment from their parent unit. Via Principalis. In a Roman fort or temporary camp, the main lateral road that passes in front of the headquarters building (Latin). Voussoir. One of a series of wedge-shaped stones used to form an arch. -- 164
lanarkshire-1978/03_206 THE PLATES
lanarkshire-1978/03_207 [Photographs inserted] A BEAKER (scale 1 : 2), LIMEFIELD (77, 1) B BEAKER (scale 1 : 2), LIMEFIELD (77, 1) C BEAKER (scale 1 : 2), LANARK MOOR (152, 1) D ARCHER'S BRACER (scale 1 : 2), CRAWFORD (p. 13) E FLINT DAGGER (scale 1 : 2), GLENOCHAR, CRAWFORD MOOR (58) -- PLATE 1
lanarkshire-1978/03_208 [Photographs inserted] A FOOD VESSEL (scale 1 : 2), NEWTON, CAMBUSLANG (126, 4) B FOOD VESSEL (scale 1 : 2), KNOCKEN (151) C FOOD VESSEL (scale 1 : 2), PATRICKHOLM (155, 1) D FOOD VESSEL (scale 1 : 2), TEATHS (164) -- PLATE 2
lanarkshire-1978/03_209 [Photographs inserted] A ACCESSORY VESSEL (scale 1 : 2), SHERIFFLATTS (158) B ACCESSORY VESSEL (scale 1 : 2), COLD CHAPEL (31, 4) C FOOD VESSEL (scale 1 : 2), KYLEPARK, UDDINGSTON (165, 2) D FOOD VESSEL (scale 1 : 2), PATRICKHOLM (155,4) -- PLATE 3
lanarkshire-1978/03_210 [Photographs inserted] A ENLARGED FOOD VESSEL (scale 1 : 4), FERNIEGAIR (143, 5) B CINERARY URN (scale 1 : 4), FERNIEGAIR, (143, 3) C GOLD RIBBON TORC (scale 1 : 2), COULTER (p. 16) D GOLD 'LOCK-RING' (scale 1 : 1), BOGHALL (p. 16) -- PLATE 4
lanarkshire-1978/03_211 [Photographs inserted] A BRONZE AXE (scale 1 : 2), KERSEWELL (p. 21) B BRONZE AXE (scale 1 : 2), HOLYTOWN (p. 22) C BRONZE SWORD (scale 1 : 4), COWGILL (p. 16) D BRONZE SPEARHEAD (scale 1 : 2), DOUGLAS (p. 14) E SMALL FINDS, CAIRNGRYFFE HILL (220) F BRONZE TORC (scale 1 : 2), HYNDFORD (242) G BRONZE HORSE (scale 1 : 1), BIRKWOOD (p. 30) H BRONZE BULL (scale 1 : 1), BANK FARM (268) -- PLATE 5
lanarkshire-1978/03_212 [Photographs inserted ] A CAIRNS, HORSE LAW (64, 7), from N B CAIRN, KERSEWELL MAINS (67, 1), from SW C CAIRN, TINTO (107), from E -- PLATE 6
lanarkshire-1978/03_213 [Photographs inserted ] A BARROW, LANARK RACE COURSE (73) B DECORATED SLAB (scale 1 : 15), WESTER YARDHOUSES (113, 3) -- PLATE 7
lanarkshire-1978/03_214 [Photographs inserted] A HENGE, WESTON (170) B STANDING STONE, CROOKEDSTONE (177), from W C STANDING STONE, CROOKEDSTANE, ELVANFOOT (176), from E -- PLATE 8
lanarkshire-1978/03_215 [Photographs inserted] A SETTLEMENT, COLD CHAPEL (205) B HOMESTEAD, GRANGEHALL (207) -- PLATE 9
lanarkshire-1978/03_216 [Photographs inserted] A FORT, ARBORY HILL (213) B FORT, QUOTHQUAN LAW (236) -- PLATE 10
lanarkshire-1978/03_217 [Photographs inserted] FORT, FALLBURN (231); A aerial view B view of ramparts on W from N -- Plate 11
lanarkshire-1978/03_218 [Photographs inserted] BALMUILDY (248); A Roman temporary camp B inscribed stone (scale 1 : 8) -- PLATE 12
lanarkshire-1978/03_219 [Photographs inserted] ANTONINE WALL FORTLETS; A GLASGOW BRIDGE (257) B WILDERNESS PLANTATION (261) -- PLATE 13
lanarkshire-1978/03_220 [Photographs inserted] A EARTHWORK, BURGHMUIR (276) B ENCLOSURES, BURNFOOT (277) -- PLATE 14
lanarkshire-1978/03_221 Photographs inserted] A EARTHWORK, CRAIGIE BURN (291) B ENCLOSURE, CANDYBANK 2 (283) -- PLATE 15
lanarkshire-1978/03_222 [Photographs inserted] A ENCLOSURE, DRAFFAN (297, 1) B EARTHWORK, HARDINGTON HOUSE (300) -- PLATE 16
lanarkshire-1978/03_223 [Photograph inserted] ENCLOSURES, HILLEND (303) -- PLATE 17
lanarkshire-1978/03_224 [Map inserted] Map showing positions of monuments in the Clyde valley near Covington, Pettinain and Libberton; the numbers of crop-mark sites are underlined -- PLATE 18
lanarkshire-1978/03_225 [Map Inserted] Map showing positions of monuments in the Clyde valley near Lamington and Roberton; the numbers of crop-mark sites are underlined -- Plate 19
lanarkshire-1978/03_226 [Photographs inserted] A EARTHWORK, LONGWELL 1 (308) B EARTHWORK, LONGWELL 2 (309) -- PLATE 20
lanarkshire-1978/03_227 [Photograph inserted] ENCLOSURE, PARK KNOWE (314), W arc of inner bank from NW -- PLATE 21
lanarkshire-1978/03_228 [Photographs inserted] A EARTHWORK, WEST LINDSAYLANDS (323) B EARTHWORK, WOODEND (327) C EARTHWORK, WYNDALES FARM (329) -- PLATE 22
lanarkshire-1978/03_229 [Photographs inserted] A EARTHWORK, HEATHERYHALL (301) B EARTHWORKS, LONGWELL 1 and 2 (308, 309), showing additional details (cf. Pl. 20A) -- ADDENDA -- PLATE 23
lanarkshire-1978/03_230 [Photographs inserted] A EARTHWORK, WESTSIDE (324) B HENGE (POSSIBLE), EASTER CADDER (333) -- PLATE 24
lanarkshire-1978/03_231 [Photographs inserted] A ROMAN FORTLET and part of adjacent TEMPORARY CAMP, LAMINGTON (335) B ROMAN FORT, MOLLINS (336) -- PLATE 25
lanarkshire-1978/03_232 [Photograph inserted] ENCLOSURE, HILL OF CHRYSTON (346) -- PLATE 26
lanarkshire-1978/03_233 [Blank page]
lanarkshire-1978/03_234 From Reviews of Recent Inventory Volumes ARGYLL 1 : KINTYRE (1 vol., 1971) 'The book is superbly produced in the now familiar format and the study is completed by a collection of magnificent photographs illustrating every aspect of the prehistory and history of the region. It, like its predecessors, is a volume of international interest of which British archaeology can justly be proud.' THE JOURNAL OF THE BRITISH ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION ARGYLL 2 : LORN (1 vol., 1974) 'The Royal Commission and its staff are to be warmly congratulated on the publication of this distinguished volume. Not, surely, since General Wade built his roads has any official body travelled the Highlands to such good purpose.' THE SCOTTISH HISTORICAL REVIEW ISBN 0 11 491478 8