lanarkshire-1978/03_001 |
LANARKSHIRE
Prehistoric and Roman Monuments
[Drawing inserted]
THE ROYAL COMMISSION ON THE ANCIENT
AND HISTORICAL MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND |
lanarkshire-1978/03_002 |
This volume contains detailed
descriptions of all the known
prehistoric and Roman monuments in
the former county of Lanarkshire,
an area which has now been absorbed
within Strathclyde Region. Of
particular interest in the prehistoric
period are the numerous Bronze Age
burial-cairns and cists, the
extensive groups of small cairns and a
rich variety of Iron Age forts and
settlements. The Roman monuments
include a short stretch of the Antonine
Wall, six forts of widely differing
sizes, four fortlets, a watch-tower,
and not less than seventeen temporary
camps. Many monuments, known
only from the reports of early
antiquaries, were destroyed during the
course of the Industrial Revolution,
the full force of which was felt in
northern and western Lanarkshire; all
these reports are gathered together
here for the first time. A large number
of previously unrecorded earthworks,
long since levelled by cultivation,
have also been detected on air
photographs, some of which were
taken by the Commission during the
preparation of this volume. In all,
more than 350 monuments are
described in the text which is
illustrated by over 100 original survey
drawings and 63 photographs. A
concise account of the topography of
the area is included in an introduction
in which the various classes of
monument are discussed and set in
the wider context.
Jacket : detail from pl. ix of William Roy's
Military Antiquities of the Romans in North
Britain, showing Roman temporary camp,
Cleghorn.
[Crown]
RCAHMS
NMRS |
lanarkshire-1978/03_003 |
[Note]
56/9
21684
A1.1
INV/20 |
lanarkshire-1978/03_004 |
[Note]
£40.00
LANARKSHIRE |
lanarkshire-1978/03_005 |
[Note]
21684
[Coat of Arms inserted]
LANARKSHIRE
An Inventory of the Prehistoric and Roman Monuments
THE ROYAL COMMISSION ON THE
ANCIENT AND HISTORICAL MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND
1978 |
lanarkshire-1978/03_006 |
© Crown copyright 1978
ISBN 0 11 491478 0
Printed in Scotland by Her Majesty's Stationery Office at HMSO Press, Edinburgh
Dd 396712/3694 K10 2/78 (14264) |
lanarkshire-1978/03_007 |
CONTENTS
-- Page
Table of Figures -- vii
Table of Plates -- xi
Chairman's Preface -- xv
List of Commissioners -- xvi
Twentieth Report -- xvii
List of Monuments which the Commissioners consider to be
most worthy of preservation -- xix
Register of Monuments by Civil Parishes -- xxiii
Abbreviations used in the References -- xxix
Editorial Notes -- xxxi
Conversion Tables, Metric to Imperial values -- xxxiii
Introduction -- 1
Inventory of the Prehistoric and Roman Monuments of Lanark-
shire
Cairns and Barrows -- 43
Burials and Cists -- 69
Enclosed Cremation Cemetery -- 77
Ritual Enclosures -- 77
Standing Stones -- 80
Unenclosed Platform Settlements -- 81
-- v |
lanarkshire-1978/03_008 |
CONTENTS
-- Page
Homesteads and Settlements -- 86
Forts -- 90
Crannogs -- 108
Broch -- 109
Souterrain -- 110
Field-system -- 110
Roman Monuments -- 111
Miscellaneous Earthworks and Enclosures -- 144
Addenda -- 159
Glossary -- 163
Index -- 165
Map showing the positions of the Prehistoric and Roman Monu-
ments in Lanarkshire -- in end pocket
-- vi |
lanarkshire-1978/03_009 |
TABLE OF FIGURES
Fig. -- Title -- Page
1 -- Topographical map of Lanarkshire -- 2
2 -- Distribution map of cairns and barrows -- 6
3 -- Distribution map of groups of small cairns etc, in the Carnwath-
Dunsyre area -- 9
4 -- Distribution map of cists, enclosed cremation cemeteries, henges,
ritual enclosures and standing stones -- 12
5 -- Distribution map of Bronze Age pottery -- 13
6 -- Distribution map of Bronze Age metalwork -- 15
7 -- Distribution map of Iron Age monuments -- 24
8 -- Distribution map of Roman monuments -- 31
9 -- Chambered cairn, Burngrange (No. 1) -- 43
10 -- Long cairn, Greens Moor (No. 2) -- 44
11 -- Cairn, Baitlaws (No. 7) -- 45
12 -- Cairn, Cairny (No. 26) -- 48
13 -- Cairns, Easton-Medwin Water (No. 46, 1) -- 51
14 -- Cairns, Easton-Medwin Water (No. 46, 2-3) -- 51
15 -- Cairn, Easton-Medwin Water (No. 46, 3) -- 51
16 -- Cairn, Easton-Medwin Water (N. 46, 7) -- 52
17 -- Cairn, Fall Hill (No. 55) -- 54
18 -- Cairns, Horse Law (No. 64, 7) -- 56-57
19 -- Cairn, Limefield (No. 77) -- 60
20 -- Cairn, Swaites Hill (No. 106, 1) -- 65
21 -- Cairn, Toftcombs (No. 109) -- 66
22 -- Decorated capstone, Wester Yardhouses-Hare Law (No. 113, 3) -- 67
23 -- Cairns, Wester Yardhouses-Hare Law (No. 113, 7) -- 67
24 -- Cairn, Wester Yardhouses-Hare Law ( No. 113, 7D) -- 68
25 -- Cairns, Windy Gate (No. 118) -- 69
26 -- Cists, Boatbridge Quarry (No. 24); after D V Clarke and A Ritchie -- 70
27 -- Decorated slab, Ferniegair (No. 143, 8) -- 73
28 -- Cist, Patrickholm Sand Quarry (No. 155, 4); after J H Maxwell -- 75
29 -- Cist, Springhill Farm (No. 162); after J H Maxwell -- 76
30 -- Enclosed cremation cemetery (probable), Fall Hill (No. 168) -- 77
31 -- Henge, Normangill (No. 169) -- 78
32 -- Henge, Weston (No. 170) -- 78
33 -- Ritual enclosure (probable), Blackshouse Burn (No. 171) -- 79
34 -- Unenclosed platform settlement, Hurl Burn (No. 196) -- 83
35 -- Unenclosed platform settlement, Normangill Rig (No. 199, 2) -- 84
36 -- Unenclosed platform settlement, Normangill Rig (No. 199, 3) -- 85
37 -- Settlement, Berries Burn (No. 203) -- 86
38 -- Settlement, Cold Chapel (No. 205) -- 87
-- vii |
lanarkshire-1978/03_010 |
TABLE OF FIGURES
Fig. -- Title -- Page
39 -- Settlement, Devonside (No. 206) -- 87
40 -- Settlement, Nisbet (No. 208) -- 87
41 -- Settlement, homestead and enclosure,, Richie Ferry (No. 209, 1-3) -- 88
42 -- Enclosure, Richie Ferry (No. 209, 4) -- 88
43 -- Settlement, St John's Kirk (No. 210) -- 89
44 -- Settlement, Snaip Hill (No. 212) -- 89
45 -- Fort, Arbory Hill (No. 213) -- 91
46 -- Fort, Berries Burn (No. 214) -- 92
47 -- Fort, Black Hill, Crawfordjohn (No. 216) -- 92
48 -- Fort, settlement and cairn, Black Hill, Lesmahagow (Nos. 217 and 13) -- 93
49 -- Fort, Bodsberry Hill (No. 218) -- 94
50 -- Fort, Cairngryffe Hill (No. 220); after V G Childe -- 95
51 -- Fort, Castle Hill, Candybank (No. 222) -- 96
52 -- Fort, Castle Hill, Crawford (No. 223) -- 97
53 -- Fort, Chester Hill (No. 224) -- 98
54 -- Fort and enclosure, Cocklaw Hill (No. 225) -- 99
55 -- Fort, Cow Castle, (No. 226) -- 99
56 -- Fort, Culterpark Hill (No. 227) -- 100
57 -- Fort and enclosure, Devonshaw Hill (No. 229) -- 101
58 -- Fort, Fallburn (No. 231) -- 102
59 -- Fort and enclosures, Keir Hill (No. 233) -- 103
60 -- Fort, Langloch Knowe (No. 234) -- 104
61 -- Fort, Nisbet (No. 235) -- 104
62 -- Fort, Quothquan Law (No. 236) -- 105
63 -- Fort, St John's Kirk (No. 237) -- 106
64 -- Fort, Snaip Hill (No. 238) -- 106
65 -- Fort, Toftcombs (No. 239) -- 107
66 -- Fort, West Whitecastle (No. 240) -- 108
67 -- Broch, Calla (No. 244) -- 110
68 -- Field-system and unenclosed platform settlement, Ellershie Hill
(Nos. 246 and 191) -- 111
69 -- The Antonine Wall (No. 247) -- 112
70 -- General plan showing the Roman fort, bridge and temporary camp,
Balmuildy (No. 248) -- 114
71 -- Roman fort, Balmuildy (No, 248); after S N Miller -- 115
72 -- Roman watch-tower, Beattock Summit (No. 249) -- 118
73 -- Roman fort, Bothwellhaugh (No. 250) -- 120
74 -- Roman fort, Cadder (No. 251); after J Clarke -- 122
75 -- General plan showing Roman fort, temporary camps and enclosures,
Castledykes (No. 252) -- 125
76 -- Roman fort, Castledykes (No. 252) -- 126
77 -- Roman temporary camp, Cleghorn (No. 253) -- 128
78 -- Roman temporary camp, Cornhill (No. 254) -- 129
79 -- General plan showing Roman fort and temporary camps, Crawford
(No. 255) -- 130
80 -- Roman fort, Crawford (No. 255) -- 131
-- viii |
lanarkshire-1978/03_011 |
TABLE OF FIGURES
Fig. -- Title -- Page
81 -- Roman temporary camp, Easter Cadder (No. 256) -- 134
82 -- Roman temporary camp, Little Clyde (No. 258) -- 135
83 -- Roman fortlet, Redshaw Burn (No. 259) -- 135
84 -- Roman fortlet and temporary camp, Wandel (No. 260) -- 136
85 -- Roman fortlet, Wandel (No. 260) -- 136
86 -- Roman fortlet, Wilderness Plantation (No. 261); after J J Wilkes -- 137
87 -- Earthwork, Boghall (No. 272) -- 145
88 -- Enclosure, Busby Glen (No. 278) -- 146
89 -- Earthwork, Cadzow (No. 279) -- 146
90 -- Earthwork Candybank 1 (No. 282) -- 147
91 -- Earthwork, Castlehill Strip, Newton (No. 284) -- 147
92 -- Enclosure, Chesterlees (No. 287) -- 148
93 -- Earthwork, Collins Burn (No. 288) -- 148
94 -- Enclosure, Crawcraigs (No. 292) -- 149
95 -- Earthwork, Crogals Castle (No. 293) -- 150
96 -- Enclosure, Devonshaw Hill (No. 295) -- 150
97 -- Earthwork, Heatheryhall (No. 301) -- 151
98 -- Enclosure, Muir (No. 312) -- 153
99 -- Enclosure, Park Knowe (No. 314) -- 153
100 -- Earthwork, Shiel Burn (No. 317) -- 154
101 -- Earthwork, Southholm (No. 319) -- 155
102 -- Earthwork, Westside (No. 324) -- 156
103 -- Earthworks, White Hill (No. 325) -- 156
104 -- Enclosure, Windy Gate (No. 326) -- 157
105 -- Earthwork, Woodend Burn (No. 328) -- 157
106 -- Cist, Newbiggingmill Quarry (No. 332) -- 160
-- ix |
lanarkshire-1978/03_012 |
TABLE OF PLATES
Plate
1 A -- Beaker, Limefield (No. 77, 1)
1 B -- Beaker, Limefield (No. 77, 1)
1 C -- Beaker, Lanark Moor (No. 152, 1) (Photo: National Museum of Antiquities
of Scotland)
1 D -- Archer's bracer Crawford (p. 13) (Photo: Hunterian Museum, University of
Glasgow)
1 E -- Flint dagger, Glenochar, Crawford Moor (No. 58) (Photo: National
Museum of Antiquities of Scotland)
2 A -- Food Vessel, Newton, Cambuslang (No. 126, 4) (Photo: Glasgow Art
Gallery and Museum)
2 B -- Food Vessel, Knocken (No. 151) (Photo: Glasgow Art Gallery and Museum)
2 C -- Food Vessel, Patrickholm (No. 155, 1) (Photo: National Museum of
Antiquities of Scotland)
2 D -- Food Vessel, Teaths (No. 164) (Photo: Glasgow Art Gallery and Museum)
3 A -- Accessory Vessel, Sherifflatts (No. 158) (Photo: National Museum of
Antiquities of Scotland)
3 B -- Accessory Vessel, Cold Chapel (No. 31, 4) (Photo: National Museum of
Antiquities of Scotland)
3 C -- Food Vessel, Kylepark, Uddingston (No. 165, 2) (Photo: Glasgow Art
Gallery and Museum)
3 D -- Food Vessel, Patrickholm (No. 155, 4) (Photo: National Museum of
Antiquities of Scotland)
4 A -- Enlarged Food Vessel, Ferniegair (No. 143, 5) (Photo: Glasgow Art
Gallery and Museum)
4 B -- Cinerary Urn, Ferniegair (No. 143, 3) (Photo: Glasgow Art Gallery and
Museum)
4 C -- Gold ribbon torc, Coulter (p. 16) (Photo: National Museum of Antiquities
of Scotland)
4 D -- Gold 'lock-ring', Boghall (p. 16) (Photo: National Museum of Antiquities
of Scotland)
5 A -- Bronze axe, Kersewell (p. 21) (Photo: National Museum of Antiquities of
Scotland)
5 B -- Bronze axe, Holytown (p. 22) (Photo: Hunterian Museum, University of
Glasgow)
5 C -- Bronze sword, Cowgill (p. 16) (Photo: National Museum of Antiquities of
Scotland)
5 D -- Bronze spearhead, Douglas (p. 14) (Photo: National Museum of Antiquities
of Scotland)
5 E -- Small finds, Cairngryffe Hill (No. 220) (Photo: National Museum of
Antiquities of Scotland)
-- xi |
lanarkshire-1978/03_013 |
TABLE OF PLATES
Plate
5 F -- Bronze torc, Hyndford (No. 242) (Photo: National Museum of Antiquities
of Scotland)
5 G -- Bronze horse, Birkwood (p. 30) (Photo: Glasgow Art Gallery and Museum)
5 H -- Bronze bull, Bank Farm (No. 268) (Photo: National Museum of Antiquities
of Scotland)
6 A - Cairns, Horse Law, No. 64, 7), from N [North]
6 B -- Cairn, Kersewell Mains (No. 67, 1), from SW [South West]
6 C -- Cairn, Tinto (No. 107), from E [East]
7 A -- Barrow, Lanark Race Course (No. 73)
7 B -- Decorated slab, Wester Yardhouses (No. 113, 3) (Photo: National Museum
of Antiquities of Scotland)
8 A -- Henge, Weston (No. 170) (Photo: Cambridge University Committee for
Aerial Photography)
8 B -- Standing stone, Crookedstone (No. 177), from W [West]
8 C -- Standing stone, Crookedstane, Elvanfoot (No. 176), from E [East]
9 A -- Settlement, Cold Chapel (No. 205) (Photo: Cambridge University Com-
mittee for Aerial Photography)
9 B -- Homestead, Grangehall (No. 207) (Photo: Cambridge University Committee
for Aerial Photography)
10 A -- Fort, Arbory Hill (No. 213) (Photo: Cambridge University Committee for
Aerial Photography)
10 B -- Fort, Quothquan Law (No. 236) (Photo: Cambridge University Committee
for Aerial Photography)
11 A -- Fort, Fallburn (No. 231) (Photo: Cambridge University Committee for
Aerial Photography)
11 B -- Fort, Fallburn (No. 231); view of ramparts on W from N [West from North]
12 A -- Roman temporary camp, Balmuildy (No. 248) (Photo: Cambridge Univer-
sity Committee for Aerial Photography)
12 B -- Inscribed stone, Balmuildy (No. 248) (Photo: Hunterian Museum, Uni-
versity of Glasgow)
13 A -- Antonine Wall and Roman fortlet, Glasgow Bridge (No. 257) (Photo:
Cambridge University Committee for Aerial Photography)
13 B -- Antonine Wall and Roman fortlet, Wilderness Plantation (No. 261) (Photo:
Cambridge University Committee for Aerial Photography)
14 A -- Earthwork, Burghmuir (No. 276) (Photo; Cambridge University Committee
for Aerial Photography)
14 B -- Enclosures, Burnfoot (No. 277) (Photo: Cambridge University Committee
for Aerial Photography)
15 A -- Earthwork, Craigie Burn (No. 291) (Photo: Cambridge University Com-
mittee for Aerial Photography)
15 B -- Enclosure, Candybank 2 (No. 283) Photo: Cambridge University Committee
for Aerial Photography)
16 A -- Enclosure, Draffan (No. 297, 1) (Photo: Cambridge University Committee
for Aerial Photography)
16 B -- Earthwork, Hardington House (No. 300) (Photo: Cambridge University
Committee for Aerial Photography)
-- xii |
lanarkshire-1978/03_014 |
TABLE OF PLATES
17 -- Enclosures, Hillend (No. 303)
18 -- Map showing positions of monuments in the Clyde Valley near Covington,
Pettinain and Libberton
19 -- Map showing positions of monuments in the Clyde valley near Lamington
and Roberton
20 A -- Earthwork, Longwell 1 (No. 308)
20 B -- Earthwork, Longwell 2 (No. 309)
21 -- Enclosure, Park Knowe (No. 314); W [West] arc of inner bank from NW [North West]
22 A -- Earthwork, West Lindsaylands (No. 323) (Photo: Cambridge University
Committee for Aerial Photography)
22 B -- Earthwork, Woodend (No. 327) (Photo): Cambridge University Committee
for Aerial Photography)
22 C -- Earthwork, Wyndales Farm (No. 329) (Photo: Cambridge University
Committee for Aerial Photography)
ADDENDA
23 A -- Earthwork, Heatheryhall (No. 301)
23 B -- Earthworks, Longwell 1 and 2 (Nos. 308,309)
24 A -- Earthwork, Westside (No. 324)
24 B --- Henge (possible), Easter Cadder (No. 333)
25 A -- Roman fortlet and temporary camp, Lamington (No. 335)
25 B -- Roman fort, Mollins (No. 336)
216 -- Enclosure, Hill of Chryston (No. 346)
-- xiii |
lanarkshire-1978/03_015 |
CHAIRMAN'S PREFACE
In 1975 Lanarkshire ceased to exist, when the county system in
Scotland was abandoned in favour of the division of the country into
regions and districts in terms of the Local Government (Scotland) Act
1973. Under this reorganisation of the territory formerly included in
Lanarkshire became part of Strathclyde Region, but as this volume was
in an advanced state of preparation when the change took place, the
Commissioners decided that the best course was to publish it in the
form in which it was originally planned.
The county boundary adopted in the Inventory is that which was
in force from 1938 to 1975, and which excluded the County of the City
of Glasgow. The boundaries of the new administrative areas, and of the
former county, are shown on the map in the end pocket.
WEMYSS
-- xv |
lanarkshire-1978/03_016 |
ROYAL COMMISSION ON THE ANCIENT AND
HISTORICAL MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND
COMMISSIONERS
The Right Honourable The Earl of Wemyss and March, K.T.,
Hon.LL.D., J.P. (Chairman)
H. M. Colvin, Esq., C.B.E., M.A., F.B.A., Hon.F.R.I.B.A.
Professor R. J. Cramp, B.Litt., M.A., F.S.A.
Professor G. Donaldson, M.A., Ph,D., D.Litt., Hon.D.Litt., F.B.A.
Professor A. A. M. Duncan, M.A.
J. D. Dunbar-Nasmith, Esq., C.B.E., B.A., R.I.B.A., P.P.R.I.A.S.
Professor K. H. Jackson, M.A., Litt.D., Hon.D.Litt., D.Litt.Celt.,
D.Univ., Hon.M.R.I.A., F.B.A., F.R.S.E.
Secretary
K. A. Steer, Esq., M.A., Ph.D., F.S.A., F.R.S.E.
-- xvi
. |
lanarkshire-1978/03_017 |
TWENTIETH REPORT
of the Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical
Monuments of Scotland
TO THE QUEEN'S MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY
MAY IT PLEASE YOUR MAJESTY
We, Your Majesty's Commissioners, appointed to make an Inventory of the Ancient and
Historical Monuments and Constructions connected with or illustrative of the contemporary
culture, civilisation and conditions of life of the people in Scotland from the earliest times to
the year 1707, and such further Monuments and Constructions subsequent to that year as
may seem in our discretion worthy of mention therein, and to specify those which seem most
worthy of preservation, humbly present to Your Majesty the following Report, being the
Twentieth Report on the work of the Commission since its first appointment.
2. We recall with pleasure Your Majesty's gracious acceptance of the volume embodying
our Nineteenth Report with the Inventory of the Ancient Monuments of Lorn, on the occasion
of Your Majesty's visit to our exhibition 'Recording Scotland's Heritage' in the Canongate
Tolbooth, Edinburgh, on 9 July 1975.
3. It is with regret that we have to record the retirement of Mr. A. Graham, M.A., F.S.A.,
Mr P. J. Nuttgens, M.A., Ph.D., R.I.B.A., and Professor Stuart Piggott, C.B.E., B.Litt.,
D.Litt., F.B.A., F.S.A., F.R.S.E. Mr Graham served the Commission for almost forty years,
initially as Secretary from 1935 to 1957 and then as a Commissioner, while Professor Piggott
was a member of the Commission for thirty years (1946-76).
4. We have to thank Your Majesty for the appointment to the Commission of Professor R. J.
Cramp, B.Litt., M.A., F.S.A., and Mr H. M. Colvin, C.B.E., M.A., F.B.A., Hon,F.R.I.B.A.,
under Your Majesty's Royal Sign Warrants of 18 November 1974 and 14 December 1976
respectively, and for the reappointment of Professor G. Donaldson, Mr. J. D. Dunbar-
Nasmith, Professor A. A. M. Duncan, and Professor K. H. Jackson.
5. Following our usual practice we have prepared an illustrated Inventory of the Prehistoric
and Roman monuments of Lanarkshire, which will be issued as a non-Parliamentary publica-
tion.
6. From the wide range of prehistoric monuments covered by the survey, the numerous
Bronze Age cist-cemeteries are particularly worthy of mention. Records of these are often
inadequate, but our re-examination and listing of the surviving relics have provided a firm
basis for any future research in this field. Excavations which we have carried out on several
-- B -- xvii |
lanarkshire-1978/03_018 |
TWENTIETH REPORT
Bronze Age burial-cairns have added significantly to our knowledge of their structure and
date, while the opportunity has been taken to plan the major groups of small cairns, or 'cairn-
fields', that constitute one of the principal features of the archaeology of the county. The
recognition of what may be the remains of a vast ritual enclosure at Blackshouse Burn is of
exceptional interest, and air photography has revealed a large number of hitherto unknown
sites, mostly in the form of crop-marks.
7. Lanarkshire also contains a rich variety of Roman military works. One of these, the watch-
tower at Beattock Summit, was discovered in the course of our survey, and we have undertaken
limited, but productive, excavation on several other Roman sites, notably the forts at Crawford
and Bothwellhaugh.
8. We wish to acknowledge the assistance accorded to us, during the preparation of this
Inventory, by the owners and occupiers of the lands on which the monuments are situated.
Our thanks are also due especially to Mr J. G. Scott, M.A., F.M.A., for placing unpublished
material at our disposal; to Professor J. K. S. St. Joseph, O.B.E., M.A., Ph.D., F.S.A.,
Director in Aerial Photography in the University of Cambridge, for permission to reproduce
a number of air photographs; to the Institute of Geological Sciences for advice on geological
questions; to the staff of Hamilton District Museum for assistance in studying material in
their care; to the Scottish Development Department for facilities for the study of air photo-
graphs; and to the staffs of the Department of the Environment, the Forestry Commission,
the National Library of Scotland, the National Museum of Antiquities of Scotland, the
Glasgow Art Gallery and Museum, the Hunterian Museum, University of Glasgow, the Arch-
aeology Division of the Ordnance Survey and Your Majesty's Stationery Office, for continual
and valued co-operation.
9. We wish again to place on record our appreciation of the high standard of work maintained
by our executive staff, including those who are not employed in the preparation of the Inven-
tories but on surveys or archival duties for the National Monuments Record of Scotland.
In the present volume, the articles and sections of the Introduction dealing with prehistoric
monuments have been written by Messrs A. MacLaren, M.A., F.S.A., G. S. Maxwell, M.A.,
F.S.A., J. N. G. Ritchie, M.A., Ph.d., F.S.A., J. B. Stevenson, B.A. and H. G. Welfare,
B.A., M.Phil., and those dealing with Roman monuments by Mr Maxwell. The plans and
other drawings have been produced by Messrs I. G. Scott, D.A., J. N. Stevenson, N.D.D.,
and I. G. Parker, and the photographs have been taken by Messrs G. B. Quick, A.I.I.P.,
A.R.P.S., C. R. Russell, J. D. Keggie, and J. M. Mackie. Miss A. E. H. Muir and Dr. Ritchie
have compiled the index and general assistance has been given by Miss M. Isbister and Mrs
W. C. Chalmers. The volume has been edited by the Secretary and Mr MacLaren.
WEMYSS, Chairman
ROSEMARY CRAMP
HOWARD COLVIN
GORDON DONALDSON
JAMES DUNBAR-NASMITH
ARCHIBALD A. M. DUNCAN
KENNETH JACKSON
KENNETH STEER, Secretary
-- xviii |
lanarkshire-1978/03_019 |
LIST OF PREHISTORIC AND ROMAN
MONUMENTS IN LANARKSHIRE
WHICH THE COMMISSIONERS CONSIDER TO BE
MOST WORTHY OF PRESERVATION
The selection of monuments for this list is based on an objective appraisal of various factors
such as present condition, rarity, and known or potential value for archaeological research.
Accordingly the list contains not only standing monuments, but also buried remains which
may repay excavation or re-excavation.
Inclusion in the list does not confer any statutory protection on the monuments in question,
and no account is taken of external circumstances which might make preservation difficult
or impracticable.
Chambered cairn, Burngrange (No. 1)
Long cairn, Greens Moor (No. 2)
Cairns, Air Cleugh (No. 3)
Cairn, Auchensaugh Hill (No. 4)
Cairn, Baitlaws (No. 7)
Cairn (probable), Berries Burn (No. 8)
Barrow and cairns, Black Hill, Crawfordjohn (No. 11)
Barrow, Blackhill, Lesmahagow (No. 12)
Cairn, Black Hill, Lesmahagow (No. 13)
Cairns, Blackshouse Burn (No. 14)
Cairn, Broadhill End (No. 18)
Cairn, Brown Knees (No. 19)
Barrow, Burnbrae (No. 20)
Cairns, Cairngryffe Hill (No. 23)
Cairn, Cairn Kinny (No. 24)
Cairns, Cairn Table (No. 25)
Cairn, Carmunnock (No. 27)
Cairns, Collins Burn (No. 32)
Barrows (probable) and cairns, Corse Law (No. 34)
Cairn, Dechmont Hill (No. 37)
Cairns, Devonshaw Hill (No. 38)
Cairn, Dillar Hill (No. 39)
Cairn, Dungavel Hill, Avondale (No. 40)
Cairn. Dungavel Hill, Wiston (No. 41)
Cairn, Dunsyre Hill (No. 42)
Cairn, Duntilland Hill (No. 43)
Cairns, Easton-Medwin Water (No. 46)
Cairns, Ellershie Burn (No. 48)
Cairns, Elsrickle (No. 49)
Barrows, Ewe Hill (No. 50)
Cairn, Fagyad Hill (No. 51)
Cairn, Fairhill, Meikle Earnock, Hamilton (No. 52)
Cairn, Fairholm (No. 53)
Cairn, Fall Hill (No. 55)
Cairns, Fall Kneesend (No. 56)
Cairns, Greens Moor (No. 60)
Cairn, Harting Rig (No. 63)
Cairns, Horse Law (No. 64)
Cairns, Howgate Mouth (No. 66)
Cairns, Kersewell Mains (No. 67)
Cairn, Kip Hill (No. 68)
Cairn, Knock Leaven (No. 70)
Cairns, Lamington Hill (No. 72)
Barrow, Lanark Race Course (site) (No. 73)
Cairns, Lawhead (No. 74)
Cairns, Limefield (No. 77)
Barrow and cairns, Lingy Knowe (No. 78)
Cairn, Lodge Hill (No. 79)
Cairn, Long Calderwood (No. 80)
Cairn, Moffat Hills (No. 86)
Cairn (probable), Mosscastle Hill (No. 87)
Cairn and barrows (probable), Muirhead (No. 91)
-- xix |
lanarkshire-1978/03_020 |
MONUMENTS WORTHY OF PRESERVATION
Cairn, Newbigging (No. 94)
Cairn, Normangill Rig 1 (No. 95)
Cairn, Scaut Hill (No. 99)
Cairn, Side Hill (No. 102)
Cairn, Sim's Hill (No. 103)
Cairns, Stanemuir (No. 105)
Cairns, Swaites Hill (No. 106)
Cairn, Tinto (No. 107)
Cairn, Tinto End (No. 108)
Cairns, Toftcombs (No. 109)
Cairn, Tweediehall (No. 110)
Cairn (probable), Viaduct Plantation (No. 111)
Cairns, Wester Yardhouses-Hare Law (No. 113)
Cairns, Westruther Burn (No. 114)
Cairn, West Wood, The Lee (No. 115)
Cairn and barrows (possible), Whiteside Hill (No. 116)
Cairn, Wildshaw Hill (No. 117)
Cairns, Windy Gate (No. 118)
Barrow and cairns, Wiston (No. 120)
Enclosed cremation cemetery (probable), Fall Hill (No.
168)
Henge, Normangill (No. 169)
Henge, Weston (No. 170)
Ritual enclosure (probable), Blackshouse Burn (No. 171)
Standing stone, Crookedstane, Elvanfoot (No. 176)
Standing stone, 'Crooked Stone', Crookedstone (No.
177)
Unenclosed platform settlement, Annanshaw Brae (No.
182)
Unenclosed platform settlement, Black Hill, Crawford-
john (No. 183)
Unenclosed platform settlement, Bodsberry Hill, Crawford-
john (No. 184)
Unenclosed platform settlement, Campside Wood (No.
185)
Unenclosed platform settlement, Carle Gill (No. 186)
Unenclosed platform settlement, Corbury Hill (No. 187)
Unenclosed platform settlement, Crookedstane (No. 188)
Unenclosed platform settlement, Doddin (No. 189)
Unenclosed platform settlement, Drake Law (No. 190)
Unenclosed platform settlement, Ellershie Hill (No. 191)
Unenclosed platform settlement, Elvanfoot 1 (No. 192)
Unenclosed platform settlement, Elvanfoot 2 (No. 193)
Unenclosed platform settlement, Gastonend Wood (No.
194)
Unenclosed platform settlement, Glenochar (No. 195)
Unenclosed platform settlement, Hurl Burn (No. 196)
Unenclosed platform settlement, Lodge Hill (No. 197)
Unenclosed platform settlement, Mossy Dod (No. 198)
Unenclosed platform settlement, Normangill Rig (No.
199)
Unenclosed platform settlement, North Shortcleuch (No.
200)
Unenclosed platform settlement, Reed Gill No. 201)
Unenclosed platform settlement, Whelphill (No. 202)
Settlement, Berries Burn (No. 203)
Settlement, Cold Chapel (No. 205)
Homestead, Grangehall (site) (No. 207)
Settlement, Nisbet (No. 208)
Settlement, homestead and enclosures, Richie Ferry (No.
209)
Settlement, St John's Kirk (No. 210)
Homestead, Shillowhead (site) (No. 211)
Settlement, Snaip Hill (No. 212)
Fort, Arbory Hill (No. 213)
Fort, Berries Burn (No. 214)
Fort, Bizzyberry Hill (No. 215)
Fort, Black Hill, Crawfordjohn (No. 216)
Fort and settlement, Black Hill, Lesmahagow (No. 217)
Fort, Bodsberry Hill (No. 218)
Fort, Camps Knowe Wood (No. 221)
Fort, Castle Hill, Candybank (No. 222)
Fort, Castle Hill, Crawford (No. 223)
Fort, Chester Hill (No. 224)
Fort and enclosure, Cocklaw Hill (No. 225)
Fort, Cow Castle (No. 226)
Fort, Culterpark Hill (No. 227)
Fort and enclosure, Devonshaw Hill (No. 229)
Fort, Huntlyhill (site) (No. 232)
Fort and enclosures, Keir Hill (No. 233)
Fort, Langloch Knowe (No. 234)
Fort, St John's Kirk (No. 237)
Fort, Snaip Hill (No. 238)
Fort, West Whitecastle (No. 240)
Crannog, Green Knowe (site) (No. 241)
Crannog, Hyndford (No. 242)
Crannog, Lochend Loch (site) (No. 243)
Broch, Calla (No. 244)
Souterrain, Wester Yardhouses (No. 245)
The Antonine Wall (No. 247)
Roman fort, bridge and temporary camp, Balmuildy
(sites) (No. 248)
Roman forts, temporary camps (sites) and enclosures
(sites) Castledykes (No. 252)
Roman temporary camp, Cornhill (site) (No. 254)
Roman fort and temporary camps, Crawford (sites)
(No. 255)
Roman temporary camp, Easter Cadder (site) ( No. 256)
Roman fortlet, Glasgow Bridge (site) (No. 257)
-- xx |
lanarkshire-1978/03_021 |
MONUMENTS WORTHY OF PRESERVATION
Roman fortlet, Wilderness Plantation (site) (No. 261)
Roman road, Corsincon Wood to Loudoun Hill (No.
262)
Roman road, March Burn to Dolphinton (No. 263)
Roman road, Silvermuir to Calderbraes (No. 264)
Roman road, Well Hill to Crawford (No. 265)
Enclosures, Biggar (sites) (No. 269)
Earthwork, Boghall (No. 272)
Enclosure, Bogton (site) (No. 273)
Earthwork, Brownsbank 1 (site) (No. 274)
Enclosure, Brownsbank 2 (site) (No. 275)
Earthwork, Burghmuir (site) (No. 276)
Enclosures, Burnfoot (sites) (No. 277)
Enclosure, Busby Glen (No. 278)
Earthwork, Cadzow (No. 279)
Earthwork, Cairncockle (No. 280)
Enclosure, Candybank 1 (No. 282)
Enclosure, Candybank 2 (No. 283)
Earthwork, Castle Hill, Symington (No. 285)
Enclosure, Castle Plantation (No. 286)
Earthwork, Collins Burn (No. 288)
Enclosure, Corbiehall (site) (No. 289)
Earthwork, Cormiston Towers Farm (site) (No. 290)
Earthwork, Craigie Burn (No. 291)
Enclosure, Devonshaw Hill (No. 295)
Enclosures, Draffan (sites) (No. 297)
Enclosure, Grangehall (site) (No. 299)
Earthwork, Hardington House (site) (No. 300)
Earthwork, Heatheryhall (No. 301)
Enclosure, Hecklebirnie (No. 302)
Enclosures, Hillend (sites) (No. 303)
Earthwork, Hillhead (site) (No. 304)
Earthwork and enclosures, Howburn (sites) (No. 305)
Enclosure, Lamington Hill (No. 306)
Enclosure (probable), Libberton (site) (No. 307)
Earthwork, Longwell 1 (site) (No. 308)
Earthwork, Longwell 2 (site) (No. 309)
Enclosure, Meadowflatt (No. 310)
Enclosure, Muir (No. 312)
Enclosure, Nether Hangingshaw (site) (No. 313)
Enclosure, Queyholm (site) (No. 315)
Earthwork, Quothquan Law Farm (No. 316)
Enclosure, Snaip (No. 318)
Earthwork, Southholm (No. 319)
Enclosure, Townfoot (site) (No. 321)
Enclosure, Townhead (site) (No. 322)
Earthwork, West Lindsaylands (site) (No. 323)
Earthwork, Westside (No. 324)
Earthwork, Woodend (site) (No. 327)
Earthwork, Wyndales Farm (site) (No. 329)
Earthwork, Yett 1 (site) (No. 330)
Earthwork, Yett 2 (site) (No. 331)
ADDENDA
Henge (possible), Easter Cadder (site) (No. 333)
Roman temporary camps, Bankhead (sites) (No. 334)
Roman fortlet and temporary camp, Lamington (sites)
(No. 335)
Roman fort, Mollins (site) (No. 336)
Enclosure, Castle Hill, Symington (site) (No. 337)
Enclosures, Chesterhall (sites) (No. 338)
Enclosure, Cornhill (site) (No. 339)
Earthwork, Covington Mains (site) (No. 340)
Enclosure, Culterallers House (site) (No. 341)
Earthwork, Glasgow Bridge (site) (No. 342)
Earthwork, Grangehall (site) (No. 343)
Enclosure (probable), Hartside (site) (No. 345)
Enclosure, Hill of Chryston (site) (No. 346)
Enclosure, Hillhouse (site) (No. 347)
Enclosures, Lamington Mains (sites) (No. 348)
Enclosures, Quothquan Law Farm (sites) (No. 349)
Earthwork, Roberton (site) (No. 350)
Enclosures, Roberton (sites) (No. 351)
Enclosure, Townfoot, Symington (site) (No. 353)
Enclosure, Wintermuir (site) (No. 354)
-- xxi |
lanarkshire-1978/03_022 |
REGISTER OF PREHISTORIC AND ROMAN
MONUMENTS IN LANARKSHIRE
BY CIVIL PARISHES
AVONDALE PARISH
Barrow, Burnbrae (No. 20)
Cairn, Dungavel Hill, Avondale (No. 40)
Cairn, Harting Rig (No. 63)
Cairn (possible), Millstone Rig (site) (No. 85)
Cairn, Side Hill (No. 102)
Enclosure, Queyholm (site) (No. 315)
BIGGAR PARISH
Barrows, Ewe Hill (No. 50)
Cairns, Toftcombs (No. 109)
Cairn, Wintermuir Hill (site) (No. 119)
Fort, Bizzyberry Hill (No. 215)
Fort, Castle Hill, Candybank (No. 222)
Fort, Toftcombs (No. 239)
Enclosures, Biggar (sites) (No. 269)
Enclosure, Bizzyberry Hill (No. 270)
Earthwork, Boghall (No. 272)
Earthwork, Brownsbank 1 (site) (No. 274)
Enclosure, Brownsbank 2 (No. 275)
Earthwork, Burghmuir (site) (No. 276)
Enclosure, Candybank 1 (No. 282)
Enclosure, Candybank 2 (site) (No. 283)
Earthwork, West Lindsaylands (site) (No. 323)
BLANTYRE PARISH
Cist, Coatshill (site) (No. 133)
Burials and cists, High Blantyre (sites) (No. 148)
Earthwork, Camp Knowe, Calderside (site) (No. 281)
BOTHWELL PARISH
Burials, Uddingston (sites) (No. 165)
Earthwork, Crogals Castle (No. 293)
CADDER PARISH
Cairn (probable), Cadder (site) (No. 21)
Cairn (possible), Cawder Estate (site) (No. 28)
Burials, South Broomknowes (sites) (No. 160)
The Antonine Wall (No. 247)
Roman fort, bridge and temporary camp, Balmuildy
(sites) (No. 248)
Roman fort, Cadder (site) (No. 251)
Roman temporary camp, Easter Cadder (site) (No. 256)
Roman fortlet, Glasgow Bridge (site) (No. 257)
Roman fortlet, Wilderness Plantation (site) (No. 261)
Enclosure, Bogton (site) (No. 273)
Enclosure (possible), Meiklehill (site) (No. 311)
CAMBUSLANG PARISH
Cairn, Dechmont Hill (No. 37)
Burials and cists, Cambuslang (sites) (No. 126)
Fort (possible), Dechmont Hill (site) (No. 228)
CAMBUSNETHAN PARISH
Cairn, The Mote, Garrion Bridge (site) (No. 89)
Cist, Cambusnethan (site) (No. 127)
CARLUKE PARISH
Cairns, Law of Mauldslie (sites) (No. 75)
Cairn, West Wood, The Lee (No. 115)
Cists, Carluke (sites) (No. 128)
Cist, Hyndshaw (site) (No. 149)
Cists, Law of Mauldslie (sites) (No. 153)
Standing stone, Braidwood (site) (No. 173)
Standing stone, Cairney Mount, Carluke (site) (No. 174)
-- xxiii |
lanarkshire-1978/03_023 |
REGISTER OF MONUMENTS BY CIVIL PARISHES
CARMICHAEL PARISH
Cairn, Howgate Hill (No. 65)
Cairns, Howgate Mouth (No. 66)
Cairn and barrows (possible), Whiteside Hill (No. 116)
Cists, Douglas Water Bridge (site) (No. 137)
Settlement, Devonside (No. 206)
CARMUNNOCK PARISH
Cairn, Carmunnock (No. 27)
Cist, Blairbeth Golf Course (site) (No. 123)
Enclosure, Muir (No. 312)
CARNWATH PARISH
Chambered cairn, Burngrange (No. 1)
Long cairn, Greens Moor (No. 2)
Barrows (probable) and cairns, Corse Law (No. 34)
Cairns, Greens Moor (No. 60)
Cairns, Kersewell Mains (No. 67)
Cairns, Lawhead (No. 74)
Cairn, Newbigging (No. 94)
Cairns, Stanemuir (No. 105)
Cairns, Wester Yardhouses-Hare Law (No. 113)
Cairns, Westruther Burn (No. 114)
Cairns, Windy Gate (No. 118)
Cist, Gallow Hill (site) (No. 144)
Cist, Newbiggingmill Quarry (site) (No. 332)
Henge, Weston (No. 170)
Broch, Calla (No. 244)
Souterrain, Wester Yardhouses (No. 245)
Enclosure, Windy Gate (No. 326)
CARSTAIRS PARISH
Cairns, Mossplatt (sites) (No. 88)
Cists, Cleghorn Viaduct (sites) (No. 131)
Cist, Silvermuir (site) (No. 159)
Roman forts, temporary camps (sites) and enclosures
(sites), Castledykes (No. 252)
Enclosure, Corbiehall (site) (No. 289)
COVINGTON PARISH
Barrows (possible), Fallburn (No. 54)
Cairn, Warrenhill (site) (No. 112)
Cists, Boatbridge Quarry (sites) (No. 124)
Burials, Fallburn (sites) (No. 142)
Burials and cist, Sherifflatts (sites) (No. 158)
Settlement, St John's Kirk (No. 210)
Fort, Chester Hill (No. 224)
Fort, Fallburn (No. 231)
Fort, St John's Kirk (No. 237)
Earthwork, Hillhead (site) (No. 304)
Enclosure, Meadowflatt (No. 310)
Enclosure, Park Knowe (No. 314)
Earthwork, Southholm (No. 319)
CRAWFORD PARISH
Cairns, Air Cleuch (No. 3)
Cairn (probable), Berries Burn (No. 8)
Cairns, Bodsberry Hill (No. 15)
Cairn, Brown Knees (No. 19)
Cairns, Collins Burn (No. 32)
Cairn, Crawford (site) (No. 35)
Cairns, Ellershie Burn (No. 48)
Cairn, Fall Hill (No. 55)
Cairns, Fall Kneesend (No. 56)
Cairn, Flopperbeck Burn (site) (No. 57)
Cairn, Glenochar, Crawford Moor (site) (No. 58)
Cairn, Lodge Hill (No. 79)
Cairn, Normangill Rig 1 (No. 95)
Cairn (possible), Normangill Rig 2 (No. 96)
Cairn (probable), Viaduct Plantation (No. 111)
Burial, Castle Crawford Farm (site) (No. 129)
Enclosed cremation cemetery (probable), Fall Hill (No.
168)
Henge, Normangill (No. 169)
Standing stone, Crookedstane, Elvanfoot (No. 176)
Unenclosed platform settlement, Annanshaw Brae (No.
182)
Unenclosed platform settlement, Bodsberry Hill (No.
184)
Unenclosed platform settlement, Campside Wood (No.
185)
Unenclosed platform settlement, Carle Gill (No. 186)
Unenclosed platform settlement, Corbury Hill (No. 187)
Unenclosed platform settlement, Crookedstane (No. 188)
Unenclosed platform settlement, Doddin (No. 189)
Unenclosed platform settlement, Ellershie Hill (No. 191)
Unenclosed platform settlement, Elvanfoot 1 (No. 192)
Unenclosed platform settlement, Elvanfoot 2 (No. 193)
Unenclosed platform settlement, Glenochar (No. 195)
Unenclosed platform settlement, Hurl Burn (No. 196)
-- xxiv |
lanarkshire-1978/03_024 |
REGISTER OF MONUMENTS BY CIVIL PARISHES
Unenclosed platform settlement, Lodge Hill (No. 197)
Unenclosed platform settlement, Mossy Dod (No. 198)
Unenclosed platform settlement, Normangill Rig (No.
199)
Unenclosed platform settlement, North Shortcluech (
No. 200)
Unenclosed platform settlement, Reed Gill (No. 201)
Unenclosed platform settlement, Whelphill (No. 202)
Settlement, Berries Burn (No. 203)
Settlement, homestead and enclosures, Richie Ferry
(No. 209)
Fort, Berries Burn (No. 214)
Fort, Bodsberry Hill (No. 218)
Fort, Camps Knowe Wood (No. 221)
Fort, Castle Hill, Crawford (No. 223)
Field-system, Ellershie Hill (No. 246)
Roman watch-tower, Beattock Summit (site) (No. 249)
Roman fort and temporary camps, Crawford (sites) (No.
255)
Roman temporary camp, Little Clyde (No. 258)
Roman fortlet, Redshaw Burn (No. 259)
Roman road, Well Hill to Crawford (No. 265)
Earthwork, Collins Burn (No. 288)
CRAWFORDJOHN PARISH
Barrow and cairns, Black Hill, Crawfordjohn (No. 11)
Cairn, Cairn Kinny (No. 24)
Cairn, Fagyad Hill (No. 51)
Cairn, Knock Leaven (No. 70)
Cairn, Middlemuir Cairn (site) (No. 84)
Cairn, Sim's Hill (No. 103)
Unenclosed platform settlement, Black Hill, Crawford-
john (No. 183)
Unenclosed platform settlement, Drake Law (No. 190)
Unenclosed platform settlement, Gastenend Wood (No.
194)
Fort, Black Hill, Crawfordjohn (No. 216)
CULTER PARISH
Cairn, Chapelhill (site) (No. 29)
Settlement, Nisbet (No. 208)
Settlement, Snaip Hill (No. 212)
Fort, Cow Castle (No. 226)
Fort, Culterpark Hill (No. 227)
Fort, Langloch Knowe (No. 234)
Fort, Nisbet (No. 235)
Fort, Snaip Hill (No. 238)
Crannog, Green Knowe (site) (No. 241)
Roman temporary camp, Cornhill (site) (No. 254)
Enclosure, Castle Plantation (No. 286)
Enclosure (possible), Culter Park (site) (No. 294)
Enclosure, Nether Hangingshaw (site) (No. 313)
Enclosure, Snaip (No. 318)
DALSERF PARISH
Cairn, Dalpatrick (site) (No. 36)
Cist, Dalserf (site) (No. 135)
Earthwork, Cairncockle (No. 280)
DALZIEL PARISH
Burial, Dalzell House (site) (No. 136)
Roman fort, Bothwellhaugh (No. 250)
Enclosure, Airbles (site) (No. 267)
DOLPHINGTON PARISH
Cairn, Kip Hill (No. 68)
Fort and enclosures, Keir Hill (No. 233)
Earthwork, Bank Farm, Dolphinton (site) (No. 268)
Enclosure, Chesterlees (No. 287)
Enclosure, Townfoot (site) (No. 321)
DOUGLAS PARISH
Cairn, Auchensaugh Hill (No. 4)
Cairns, Cairn Table (No. 25)
Cairn, Poniel (site) (No. 97)
Cists, Poniel (sites) (No. 156)
DUNSYRE PARISH
Cairn, Dunsyre Hill (No. 42)
Cairn (possible), Dykefoot (No. 44)
Cairns, Easton-Medwin Water (No. 46)
Barrow and cairns, Lingy Knowe (No. 78)
Cairn, Medwinbank (site) (No. 83)
-- xxv |
lanarkshire-1978/03_025 |
REGISTER OF MONUMENTS BY CIVIL PARISHES
EAST KILBRIDE PARISH
Cairn, East Browncastle (site) (No. 45)
Cairn, East Rogerton (site) (No. 47)
Cairn, Harelaw, Raahead (site) (No. 62)
Cairn, Kittochside (side) (No. 69)
Cairn, Knocklegoil, Lymekilns (site) (No. 71)
Cairn, Long Calderwood (No. 80)
Cairns, Mains (sites) (No. 82)
Cairn, Nerston (site) (No. 93)
Enclosure, Busby Glen (No. 278)
GLASSFORD PARISH
Standing stone, Shawton (site) (No. 179)
HAMILTON PARISH
Cairn, Fairhill, Meikle Earnock, Hamilton (No. 52)
Cairn, Fairholm (No. 53)
Cists, Fairholm (sites) (No. 141)
Burials and cists, Ferniegair (sites) (No. 143)
Standing stone, 'Crooked Stone', Crookedstone (No.
177)
Earthworks, Cadzow (No. 279)
LAMINGTON AND WANDEL
PARISH
Cairn, Baitlaws (No. 7)
Cairn, Broadhill End (No. 18)
Cairns, Cold Chapel (sites) (No. 31)
Cairns, Devonshaw Hill (No. 38)
Cairns, Lamington Hill (No. 72)
Cairn, Raggengill Burn (site) (No. 98)
Burial, Hawmoor Burn, Lamington (site) (No. 146)
Burial, Hecklebirnie (site) (No. 147)
Burials (possible), Wandel (sites) (No. 166)
Settlement, Cold Chapel (No. 205)
Fort, Arbory Hill (No. 213)
Fort and enclosure, Devonshaw Hill (No. 229)
Roman fortlet (site) and temporary camp, Wandel (No.
260)
Enclosure, Devonshaw Hill (No. 295)
Enclosure, Hecklebirnie (No. 302)
Enclosure, Lamington Hill (No. 306)
Earthwork, Sheil Burn (No. 317)
Earthworks, White Hill (No. 325)
Earthwork, Woodend (site) (No. 327)
Earthwork, Woodend Burn (No. 328)
LANARK PARISH
Barrow, Lanark Race Course (site) (No. 73)
Burials and cists, Lanark Moor (sites) (No. 152)
Cist, Stanmore House (site) (No. 163)
Fort, Huntlyhill (site) (No. 232)
Crannog, Hyndford (No. 242)
Roman temporary camp, Cleghorn (No. 253)
Earthwork (possible), Springbank (site) (No. 320)
LESMAHAGOW PARISH
Cairn (possible), Auchlochan (site) (No. 5)
Cairn, Auchrobert (site) (No. 6)
Cairn, Birkenhead (site) (No. 9)
Cairns, Birkhill (sites) (No. 10)
Barrow, Blackhill, Lesmahagow (No. 12)
Cairn, Black Hill, Lesmahagow (No. 13)
Cairns, Boreland Hill (sites) (No. 16)
Cairn, Brackenrig (site) (No. 17)
Cairns (possible), Cairn Burn (sites) (No. 22)
Cairns, Corramore (sites) (No. 33)
Cairn, Dillar Hill (No. 39)
Cairn, Leelaw (site) (No. 76)
Cairns, Lupus (sites (No. 81)
Cairn, Muirsland (site) (No. 92)
Cairns, Skellyhill (sites) (No. 104)
Cairn, Yonderton (site) (No. 121)
Cist, Eastwood (site) (No. 139)
Cists, Knocken, Lesmahagow (sites) (No. 151)
Cists, South Cumberhead (sites) (No. 161)
Cists, Teaths, Lesmahagow (sites) (No. 164)
Standing stone, Blackhill, Lesmahagow (site) (No. 172)
Standing stone, Clarkston (site) (No. 175)
Standing stone, Hallhill (site) (No. 178)
Standing stone, Standingstone Hill (site) (No. 180)
Fort and settlement, Black Hill, Lesmahagow (No. 217)
Fort (possible), Boreland Hill (site) (No. 219)
Earthwork, Dillar Hill (site) (No. 296)
Enclosures, Draffan (sites) (No. 297)
-- xxvi |
lanarkshire-1978/03_026 |
REGISTER OF MONUMENTS BY CIVIL PARISHES
LIBBERTON PARISH
Fort, Quothquan Law (No. 236)
Fort, West Whitecastle (No. 240)
Enclosures, Burnfoot (sites) (No. 277)
Earthwork, Cormiston Towers Farm (site) (No. 290)
Earthwork, Craigie Burn (No. 291)
Enclosure, (probable), Libberton (site) (No. 307)
Earthwork, Quothquan Law Farm (No. 316)
Enclosure, Townhead (site) (No. 322)
Earthwork, Yett 1 (site) (No. 330)
Earthwork, Yett 2 (site) (No. 331)
NEW MONKLAND (EAST) PARISH
Burials and cists, Annathill, Glenboig (sites) (No. 122)
Earthwork, Blairlinn (site) (No. 271)
OLD MONKLAND (WEST) PARISH
Cairn (possible), Clyde Iron Works (site) (No. 30)
Cist, Clyde Iron Works (site) (No. 132)
Cists, Drumpellier Estate (sites) (No. 138)
Burials and cists, Greenoakhill, Mount Vernon (sites)
(No. 145)
Cists, Old Monkland (sites) (No. 154)
Burials and cist, Springhill Farm, Baillieston (sites) (No.
162)
Burial. West Sand Quarry, Mount Vernon (site) (No.
167)
Crannog, Lochend Loch (site) (No. 243)
PETTINAIN PARISH
Cairns, Blackshouse Burn (No. 14)
Cairns, Cairngryffe Hill (No. 23)
Burials, Cairngryffe Hill (sites (No. 125)
Homestead, Grangehall (site) (No. 207)
Fort, Cairngryffe Hill (site) (No. 220)
Enclosure, Grangehall (site) (No. 299)
RUTHERGLEN PARISH
Barrow, Hamilton Farm (site) (No. 61)
Cairn (possible), Shawfield (site) (No. 100)
Mound, Gallowflat (No. 298)
SHOTTS PARISH
Cairn, Cairny (site) (No. 26)
Cairn, Duntilland Hill (No. 43)
Cairn, Moffat Hills (No. 86)
Homestead and enclosure, Cairny (sites) (No. 204)
STONEHOUSE PARISH
Cairn, Mount Pisgah, West Mains (site) (No. 90)
Cairn, Tweediehall (No. 110)
Cists, Patrickholm Sand Quarry (sites) (No. 155)
Cist, St Ninian's Church, Stonehouse (site) (No. 157)
Fort, Double Dikes, Sodom Hill (No. 230)
SYMINGTON PARISH
Cairn, Scaut Hill (No. 99)
Earthwork, Castle Hill, Symington (No. 285)
Earthwork, Westside (No. 324)
Earthwork, Wyndales Farm (site) (No. 329)
WALSTON PARISH
Cairns, Elsrickle (No. 49)
Cists, Craw Knowe (sites) (No. 134)
Cists, Elsrickle (sites) (No. 140)
Cist, Hyndshawland (site) (No. 150)
Fort and enclosure, Cocklaw Hill (No. 225)
Enclosure, Crawcraigs (site) (No. 292)
Earthwork and enclosures, Howburn (sites) (No. 305)
WISTON AND ROBERTON
PARISH
Cairn, Dungavel Hill, Wiston (No. 41)
Barrows (possible), Greenhill (No. 59)
Cairns, Limefield (No. 77)
Cairn and barrows (probable), Muirhead (No. 91)
Barrow (probable), Shillowhead (site) (No. 101)
Cairn, Tinto End (No. 108)
Cairn, Wildshaw Hill (No. 117)
Barrow and cairns, Wiston (No. 120)
Homestead, Shillowhead (site) (No. 211)
Earthwork, Castlehill Strip, Newton (No. 284)
Earthwork, Hardington House, (site) (No. 300)
-- xxvii |
lanarkshire-1978/03_027 |
REGISTER OF MONUMENTS BY CIVIL PARISHES
Enclosures, Hillend (sites) (No. 303)
Earthwork, Longwell 1 (site) (No. 308)
Earthwork, Longwell 2 (site) (No. 309)
NOT CONFINED TO A
SINGLE PARISH
Cairns, Horse Law (No. 64)
Cairn (probable), Mosscastle Hill (No. 87)
Cairns, Swaites Hill (No. 106)
Cairn, Tinto (No. 107)
Burial, Cathkin Moor (site) (No. 130)
Ritual enclosure (probable), Blackshouse Burn (No. 171)
Standing stone, Todholes (site) (No. 181)
Roman road, Corsincon Wood to Loudoun Hill (No. 262)
Roman road, March Burn to Dolphinton (No. 263)
Roman road, Silvermuir to Calderbraes (No. 264)
Roman road (supposed), Roberton to Castledykes (No.
266)
Earthwork, Heatheryhall (No. 301)
See also Addenda, pp. 159-62
-- xxviii |
lanarkshire-1978/03_028 |
ABBREVIATIONS USED IN
THE REFERENCES
CBA -- Council for British Archaeology.
CUCAP -- Cambridge University Committee for Aerial Photography.
DES (date) -- Discovery and Excavation, Scotland. Annual publication of Scottish Regional
Group, Council for British Archaeology.
GAJ -- Glasgow Archaeological Journal.
Greenshields, Lesmahagow -- Greenshields, J B, Annals of the Parish of Lesmahagow, Edinburgh, 1864.
Inventory of [County] -- Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland: An
Inventory of the Ancient Monuments [for the county stated].
Irving and Murray, Upper Ward -- Irving, G V and Murray, A, The Upper Ward of Lanarkshire Described and
Delineated, Glasgow, 1864.
Itin. Septent -- Gordon, A, Itinerarium Septentrionale: or A Journey Thro' most of the Counties
of Scotland and Those in the North of England, London, 1726.
JBAA -- The Journal of the British Archaeological Association.
JRS -- The Journal of Roman Studies.
Maitland, History -- Maitland, W, History and Antiquities of Scotland to 1603, London, 1757.
Military Antiquities -- Roy, W, The Military Antiquities of the Romans in Britain, London 1793.
Name Book -- Original Name-books of the Ordnance Survey, Lanarkshire.
NMRS -- National Monuments Record of Scotland.
NSA -- The New Statistical Account of Scotland, Edinburgh, 1845.
OS -- Ordnance Survey,
Pococke, Tours -- Kemp, D W (ed), Tours in Scotland, 1747, 1750, 1760, by Richard Pococke,
Bishop of Meath, Edinburgh, 1887.
PPS -- Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society.
PSAS -- Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland.
RIB -- Collingwood, R G and Wright, R P, The Roman Inscriptions of Britain, i,
Oxford, 1965.
RWS -- Macdonald, Sir G, The Roman Wall in Scotland, 2nd ed., Oxford, 1934.
SAF -- Scottish Archaeological Forum.
Sibbald, Historical Inquiries -- Sibbald, Sir R, Historical Inquiries, Concerning the Roman Monuments and
Antiquities in the North-Part of Britain called Scotland, Edinburgh, 1707.
South-western Scotland -- Miller, S N (ed), The Roman Occupation of South-western Scotland, Glasgow,
1952.
Stat. Acct. -- The Statistical Account of Scotland, Edinburgh, 1791-9.
Stat. Acct. (reissue) -- The Statistical Account of Scotland 1791-1799, vii (Lanarkshire and Renfrew-
shire), Wakefield, 1973.
TDGAS -- Transactions of the Dumfriesshire and Galloway Natural History and Antiquarian
Society.
TGAS -- Transactions of the Glasgow Archaeological Society.
Ure, Rutherglen -- Ure, D, The History of Rutherglen and East Kilbride, Glasgow, 1793.
-- xxix |
lanarkshire-1978/03_029 |
EDITORIAL NOTES
Arrangement
The entries in the Inventory are grouped according to types of monuments,
and the groups are arranged as far as possible in chronological order. Within each
group the monuments are arranged alphabetically. A list of monuments under
parish headings will be found on pp. xxiii-xxviii.
Maps, Grid References and Dates of Visit
At the end of each article will be found the National Grid Reference of the
monument in question, the number of the current OS 1: 10,000 or 1: 10,560 sheet
on which it occurs, and the date on which it was last examined.
Since the first two letters of the sheet number indicate the relevant 100-
kilometre square, the letters have been omitted from the six-figure references.
The positions of all the monuments are shown on the end map.
Air Photograph References
References to print numbers of air photographs taken by the Commission are
prefixed by the letters NMRS, while those to print numbers of air photographs
taken by the Cambridge University Committee for Aerial Photography are prefixed
by the letters CUCAP. In the case of RAF photographs, the reference consists of
the sortie number and, where necessary, the camera number, followed by the
numbers of the two consecutive prints that allow the monument to be viewed
stereoscopically (e.g. 106G/SCOT/UK18, F22, 5366-7).
Metrication
The plans in this volume are provided with scales in both metric and imperial
units, and simplified conversion-tables are printed on pp. xxxiii-xxxiv.
Unless otherwise stated, the ranging-poles that have been included in some of
the photographs for scale purposes are of metric type, each division measuring
0.5 metre.
Scales
To facilitate comparison, the plans of similar monuments have been reproduced
wherever possible at uniform scales. The scales principally employed are: (a) for
the majority of prehistoric monuments 1: 1000; (b) for smaller prehistoric monu-
ments, other than groups of small cairns, 1: 250; (c) for Roman forts and fortlets
1: 2000; (d) for Roman site plans and temporary camps 1: 7500.
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EDITORIAL NOTES
Inscriptions
In the text of an inscription, words or letters in square brackets are illegible
but can be confidently restored. Words or letters in round brackets have never
existed in the inscription but have been inserted for the sake of clarity.
Place Names
The spelling of place names normally follows the spelling currently adopted
by the Ordnance Survey.
Reproductions
Unless otherwise stated, the contents of the volume are all Crown Copyright,
but copies of the plans and other line drawings, and of photographs (including air
photographs) taken by the Commission, can be obtained from the Secretary, The
Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland, 54
Melville Street, Edinburgh, EH3 7HF. The records of the Commission, which
include a number of unpublished photographs of monuments and relics referred to
in this volume, may also be consulted at that address.
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CONVERSION TABLES, METRIC TO IMPERIAL VALUES
The form of the following tables has been governed by factors peculiar to the Commission's Inventories. Thus
comparatively few measurements are given in the text in millimetres (mm), kilometres (km) or hectares (ha), while
the majority of the linear measurements given to one or, more rarely, two places of decimals are under 20 metres.
In the tables, the imperial equivalents are given to the nearest 1/4 inch for measurements below 0.1 m, to the nearest
inch for those from 0.1m to 100 m, and to the nearest foot for those above 100 m.
I. Metres to Feet and Inches
[Table inserted]
-- C -- xxxiii |
lanarkshire-1978/03_032 |
CONVERSION TABLES
[Table inserted]
2. Kilometres to Miles
[Table inserted]
3. Hectares to Acres
[Table inserted]
-- xxxiv |
lanarkshire-1978/03_033 |
INTRODUCTION
to the Inventory of the Prehistoric and
Roman Monuments of Lanarkshire
PART 1. GENERAL
TOPOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY
To a greater extent than most Scottish counties Lanarkshire is a geographical unit,
occupying the upper and middle basin of the River Clyde. Except for the Biggar Water,
which flows eastwards through the Biggar Gap into the Tweed, and the Rivers Almond
and Avon, which discharge into the Forth, the county is drained solely by the Clyde and its
tributaries, a fact which accounts for its alternative name 'Clydesdale'. As Fig. 1 shows, it
measures 80 km in length from north-west to south-east by a maximum of 33 km transversely,
and is more or less symmetrical in shape - progressively widening downstream from the head-
waters of the Clyde as the basin of the river broadens, and then contracting again towards
the north-western extremity. Lanarkshire, with roughly its present bounds, was established
as a sheriffdom in 1402, when the sheriffdom of Lanark was divided into those of Lanark
and Renfrew. Until the middle of the 18th century it comprised two wards, the Upper Ward
(the Upper Clyde valley) and the Lower Ward, but in consequence of the rapid growth of the
population during the Industrial Revolution the Lower Ward was subsequently subdivided
into the Middle and Lower Wards.
The topography of the county is largely determined by the underlying geology, and falls
broadly into two parts separated by the Southern Upland Fault, which runs south-westwards
from Biggar to beyond Crawfordjohn. To the south of the fault-line the rocks consist mainly
of marine greywacke and shales of Ordovician and lower Silurian age, and the land is pre-
dominantly hilly; the highest hill lying entirely within the county is Green Lowther (732 m),
3 km south-south-east of Leadhills, although Culter Fell on the Lanarkshire-Peebleshire
border is 16 m higher. The rocks contain few minerals of economic value, apart from deposits
of lead and small amounts of gold and other metallic ores in the Leadhills district of the
Lowther Hills, and as yet there is no evidence that these ores were exploited in prehistoric or
Roman times.
North of the Southern Upland Fault there is an abrupt change in the scenery, open and
rolling landscape replacing the high hills and deeply incised valleys of the south. An exception
is Tinto (707 m), an igneous intrusion just north of the fault-line and the county's most
conspicuous hill, whose summit commands an extensive prospect in all directions ranging as
far as the Grampians, Goatfell (Arran), Cumbria and Ireland. Elsewhere the rocks are generally
-- 1 |
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INTRODUCTION : GENERAL
of Carboniferous age and include a wide range of sedimentary and igneous formations, which
contain a high proportion of economic minerals, notably coal and iron-ore, limestone and
stone suitable for road-making. Along the Clyde valley, particularly from Lanark to Symington,
there are deposits of sand and gravel of glacial and fluviatile origin. All these resources have
been exploited on a large scale since the Industrial Revolution, with the result that, in contrast
to the southern part of the county, comparatively few field monuments have survived.
[Map inserted]
Fig. 1. Topographical map of Lanarkshire
-- 2 |
lanarkshire-1978/03_035 |
PART II. THE MONUMENTS
1. THE MESOLITHIC PERIOD (c. 6500-4000BC)
The earliest evidence for Man's presence in Lanarkshire comes from eight sites which have
yielded surface scatters of primitive stone implements of Mesolithic type. Made usually of
chert or mudstone. and occasionally of flint, these artifacts indicate intermittent settlement
by small bands of people whose economy was based primarily on hunting, fishing and gather-
ing. Five of the sites, Eastfield (NT 014362), Annieston (NS 996366), Quothquan Law Farm
(NS 983381), Parkhouse (NS 987391) and Bagmoors (NS 951434), occur on the arable haughs
bordering the River Clyde along a limited stretch between Symington and Pettinain; ¹ situated
at the western end of the Biggar Gap, these sites represent a westward extension of the early
settlement of the Tweed basin. The sixth and seventh sites, at Mountainblaw Farm (NS
975558) and Dunsyre (NT 071481), may belong to this general group, but it should be noted
that the presence of Arran pitchstone at Dunsyre may indicate contacts with the west, in
particular from Ballantrae on the Ayrshire coast. ² The eighth site is near Coatbridge, where
a considerable assemblage of worked tools and waste flakes was recovered from the north shore
of Woodend Loch (NS 708668). ³
The artifacts are not of sufficiently diagnostic types to allow firm conclusions to be drawn
about their dates and affinities. However, flake tools, scrapers, knives and a small number of
microliths show a general resemblance to those from sites in Peebleshire, ⁴ while in typological
terms several of the microliths from Woodend Loch appear to be late in the British sequence. ⁵
A date within the sixth or fifth millennium is proposed for the beginning of the Tweed valley
industries, and a similar date seems likely for those of Lanarkshire. Radiocarbon dates from
the shell-heap at Inveravon, West Lothian, indicate that Mesolithic occupation of this area
was certainly under way by the beginning of the fifth millennium BC. ⁶
2. THE NEOLITHIC PERIOD (c. 4000-2000 BC)
Only four monuments, two long cairns (Nos. 1 and 2) and two henges (Nos. 169 and 170),
together with a number of stone axes and other implements, can be attributed with certainty
to the earliest agricultural communities of Lanarkshire. It is, however, possible that some
of the small cairns (Nos. 60 and 64) that occur in the vicinity of the two long cairns may
themselves be of Neolithic date; the reasons are discussed below on p. 10.
The principal area in Lanarkshire settled by these early farmers appears to have been in
the Carnwath district, at the south-western end of the Pentland Hills, where the two long
1. Lacaillie, A D, The Stone Age in Scotland (1954), 187-93.
2. TDGAS, xlvii (1970, 86-7, 101.
3. PSAS, lxxxiii, (1948-9), 77-98.
4. TDGAS, xlvii, (1970), 81-110.
5. Cf. Jacobi, R M, in Koslowski, S K (ed.), The Mesolithic in
Europe (1973), 238, 250-2.
6. PPS, xxxviii (1972), 413-15.
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lanarkshire-1978/03_036 |
INTRODUCTION : THE NEOLITHIC PERIOD
cairns and one of the henges are all situated. Several distinct types of long cairns have been
recognised in Scotland and elsewhere in the British Isles, but in the absence of excavation
neither of the Lanarkshire examples can be classified precisely. It is, therefore, uncertain
whether their affinities lie with the small group of chambered cairns on Stockie Muir and
Craigmaddie Muir, Stirlingshire, or with the same extensive group in the south-west. ¹
It has been suggested that the circular or oval earthworks termed 'henges' were regional
centres for ritual or other social activities in the later Neolithic period. They are currently
divided into two classes according to the number of entrances. Henges of Class I, which occur
in the third millennium BC, have only a single entrance, while those of Class II, dating to the
late third and early second millennia, possess two opposed entrances. ² The henge monuments
of Lanarkshire, Normangill (No. 169) and Weston (No. 170), both belong to Class II, as
does the only fully excavated example in Southern Scotland, at Cairnpapple, West Lothian. ³
One of the most remarkable monuments in Scotland is at Blackshouse Burn (No. 171),
where what has formerly been a particularly massive stony bank encloses an area of 6.5 ha
(16 acres). The work is patently not any kind of fortification or settlement site, and the fact
that it has been deliberately laid out to incorporate the twin heads of the burn suggests that
it was designed for ritual purposes. ⁴ Although different in construction, notably in the absence
of a ditch, it compares in size with such late Neolithic ritual enclosures as Avebury, Wiltshire
11.5 ha : 28.5 acres) and Mount Pleasant, Dorset (5.6 ha : 13.8 acres). ⁵
Amongst the polished stone axeheads are two made from Antrim porcellanite, ⁶ and another,
together with a roughout, which are probably of Lake District stone. ⁷ Several axeheads,
identified as examples of a Cumbrian type, confirm the importance of the Lake District axe-
factories to the Neolithic people of Lanarkshire; these axes come from Carnwath, Crawford-
john, Tinto and Wiston. ⁸ The distribution of stone axes reveals a marked concentration to the
east of the River Clyde between Carnwath and Lamington; near by, in the adjacent county
of Peebleshire, a large number of flint and stone objects have come from the vicinity of
West Linton and, although the activities of Adam Sim of Coulter and other local mid-19th
century collectors are to some extent responsible for the density of the finds, the concentration
of axes appears to confirm the evidence of the few surviving monuments that the Biggar-
Carnwath-West Linton area was intensively occupied in the Neolithic period. ⁹ Polished stone
axes have also been found in smaller numbers elsewhere in Lanarkshire, particularly in the
parish of Lesmahagow and in the lower valley of the Clyde. A carved stone ball found at Biggar
Shiels is an example of a type of artifact associated with the later Neolithic period in north and
east Scotland.
1 Hensall, A S, The Chambered Tombs of Scotland, ii (1972),
3-6, 27-30.
2 PPS, xxxv (1969), 112-33.
3 PSAS, lxxxii (1947-8), 68-123.
4 For the significance of springs and streams in the religious
beliefs of later prehistoric peoples, cf. GAJ, iii (1974), 26-33;
Ross, A, Pagan Celtic Britain (1967), 20-33.
5 Burl, A, The Stone Circles of the British Isles (1976), 323. In
this connection it is, perhaps, worth noting that Mayburgh,
a much smaller embanked enclosure which is regarded as
being related to henge monuments, also has no ditch (Royal
Commission on Historical Monuments (England), Inventory
of Westmorland, p. 253).
6 From Dunsyre (PSAS, xcvi (1962-3, 364) and Coulter
(Ulster Journal of Archaeology, 3rd series, xv (1952), 55).
7 Both from Crawford (Hunterian Museum, University of
Glasgow).
8 PPS, xxx (1964), 39-55.
9 Inventory of Peebleshire, i, p. 13.
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lanarkshire-1978/03_037 |
INTRODUCTION : THE BRONZE AGE
3. THE BRONZE AGE (c. 2500-600 BC)
Towards the middle of the third millennium BC Neolithic traditions of burial in Britain were
profoundly affected by the arrival of immigrants from the Rhine basin and perhaps the
Atlantic coasts of Europe. The earliest of these new settlers introduced two important inno-
vations - individual burial, frequently by inhumation in a grave or cist, and a style of pottery
known as Beaker ware; they also brought copper technology, which, by about 2000 BC, was
replaced by bronze-working. ¹ For the period between about 2500 and 1500 BC the use of such
terms as Neolithic and Bronze Age has little archaeological relevance, as Beaker pottery and
burial-traditions and the continuing use of henge monuments span a period of change that
cannot conveniently be labelled. Neolithic traditions of collective burial were gradually
replaced by individual inhumation or cremation in a grave or cist, in some instances covered
by a round cairn or barrow. As in the Neolithic period, our knowledge of the Bronze Age in
Lanarkshire is derived from funerary and ritual sites, or from stray finds; no habitation
sites have yet been positively identified, although some hill-top sites and unenclosed platform
settlements may have originated towards the end of the second millennium BC, in the later
phases of the Bronze Age.
CAIRNS AND BARROWS
About eighteen hundred cairns and barrows have been recorded; they are widely distributed
(Fig. 2), but relatively scarce in the northernmost part of the county. Many cairns, however,
were destroyed before adequate records were kept ² and considerable numbers were removed
during the agricultural and industrial revolutions of the 18th and 19th centuries. Destruction
seems to have been especially severe in the Middle and Lower Wards; in the parish of Lesma-
hagow, for example, only four cairns now remain out of a redorded total of almost forty.
Roughly seventeen hundred of the cairns form the group of small cairns discussed on
pp. 8-10; the rest, however, range from about 4 m in diameter up to the largest and most
conspicuous cairn in the county crowning the summit of Tinto (No. 107, Pl. 6c), which is
45 m in diameter. Even if this cairn is partly of natural origin, ³ and has had stones added to it
by visitors, it remains one of the largest cairns in Scotland and is comparable with the enor-
mous, but now ruined, cairn at Cairn Muir, Caputh, Perthshire. ⁴ The cairns usually appear as
low mounds, although Nos. 67 and 114 are substantial structures similar to the large cairns on
the North Muir, Peebleshire. ⁵ The addition of a long mound of unusual construction to a
round cairn at Easton (No. 46, 7). gives it the superficial appearance of a long cairn but, unlike
Neolithic cairns with broadly similar mounds at Bryn yr Hen Bobl, Anglesey, ⁶ and on Great
Ayton Moor, Yorkshire, ⁷ there is no reason to believe that the Easton cairn is earlier than the
Bronze Age.
1 See Burgess, C B. 'The Bronze Age' in Renfrew, C (ed.),
British Prehistory (1974), 165-232.
2 Cf. TGAS, new series, iii (1895-7), 498-9; Stat. Acct., ii
(1792), 221-2; ibid. (reissue), vii (1973), 29-30.
3 Geographical Journal, cxx (1954), 219.
4 Coutts, H, Ancient Monuments of Tayside (1970), 9, no. 6.
5 Inventory of Peebleshire, i, Nos. 47-8.
6 Archaeologia, lxxxv, (1935), 253-92.
7 Hayes, R H, The Chambered Cairn and Adjacent Monuments
on Great Ayton Moor, North-East Yorkshire, Scarborough
and District Archaeological Society Research Report, 7
(1967), 22-3, 32-3.
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lanarkshire-1978/03_038 |
INTRODUCTION : THE BRONZE AGE
[Map inserted]
Fig. 2. Distribution map of cairns and barrows
Excavations carried out by the Commission's officers on four cairns in Lanarkshire (Nos.
7, 26, 55 and 77) have complemented the information gathered from fieldwork. At Baitlaws
(No. 7) a shallow ditch surrounded the central grave-pit, which had been covered by a single
layer of pebbles. The central mound of the cairn at Fall Hill (No. 55) is of greater height than
that found at Baitlaws, but it too covered a central burial and closely resembles other cairns at
Black Hill, Crawfordjohn (No. 11), Easton-Medwin Water (No. 46, 3) and probably the
-- 6 |
lanarkshire-1978/03_039 |
INTRODUCTION : THE BRONZE AGE
barrow at Lanark Race Course (No. 73). At Cairny (No. 26), excavations of what appeared
to be a barrow showed that the mound consisted in fact of an inner core of boulders and
earth capped by an outer casing of turf. This type of composite structure, while as yet only
rarely encountered in Scotland, has, for example, been recorded at Broughton Knowe,
Peebleshire ¹ and at Macrihanish, Argyll. ² The three excavated cairns mentioned so far
covered single central inhumations or cremations, but in the fourth case, at Limefield (No.
77), excavation revealed a total of at least twelve burial-deposits, including both cremations
and inhumations, as well as a wide range of Early Bronze Age pottery.
Comparatively few barrows have been recorded, and only four (Nos. 12, 20, 73 and 101)
exceed 10 m in diameter. In many cases the material for the mound does not seem to have
been excavated from a ditch, but a series of barrows at Muirhead (No. 91) belong to a class
in which the ditch forms an integral part of the structure. Barrows of this kind normally occur
in groups and in Scotland they are confined to the Border counties; examples, sometimes
associated with outer banks, have been found in Peebleshire and Roxburghshire. ³ In the
case of the smaller ditched cairns and barrows the structural differences between them may
be due simply to the presence or absence of stone in the immediate vicinity, and the Muirhead
barrows may in fact be closely related to the cairns of Baitlaws (No. 7) or Fall Hill (No.55)
type.
Cist burials were found under seventeen cairns and barrows when they were dug into
during the 18th and 19th centuries. Many contained 'urns', now lost, but a fine Beaker and a
bronze armlet have been preserved from a cist within a cairn at Crawford (No. 35); the Beaker
contained cremated bone and can be added to the three other examples of this comparatively
rare Beaker-burial rite to be found in Lanarkshire (Nos. 26, 77 and 143). Besides burials in
cists, cremations accompanied by Cinerary Urns have frequently been recorded, the most
interesting discovery of this kind being at East Rogerton (No. 47), where a group of urns was
apparently disposed in a circle. ⁴
The enclosed cremation cemetery at Fall Hill (No. 55) is the only example of this type of
monument to be identified with some certainty in Lanarkshire, although it is possible that
enclosures at Wester Yardhouses-Hare Law (No. 113, 8) and Fall Kneesend (No. 56) may
belong to the same class, and even those at Horse Law (No. 64) and Windy Gate (No. 118).
Since the discovery of enclosed cremation cemeteries during the preparation of the Peebles-
shire Inventory, ⁵ several others have been excavated in Scotland, northern England, ⁶ and
Ulster. ⁷ These excavations have shown that this class of burial-site can vary considerably in
form, and have emphasised the difficulties of making a positive identification from fieldwork
evidence alone. At Weird Law, Peeblesshire, ⁸ the cremation-pits were covered by a low stony
mound and surrounded by an annular bank, whereas at Whitestanes, Dumfriesshire, ⁹ there
was an entrance in the bank and no mound in the interior, making the site indistinguishable
from a hut-circle before excavation. The grooves in the bank at Fall Hill are a feature which
1 Inventory of Peeblesshire, i, No. 4.
2 Inventory of Argyll, i, No. 42.
3 Inventory of Peeblesshire, i, Nos. 4-6, 36, 49 and 55; Inventory
of Roxburghshire, i, No. 259.
4 Cf. Westwood, Fife (PSAS, vi (1864-6), 388-91) and
Palmerston, Dumfriesshire (TDGAS, xvii (1930-1), 79-
94; xlv (1968), 114-15).
5 Inventory of Peeblesshire, i, pp. 15-16.
6 SAF, iv, 13-17.
7 Ulster Journal of Archaeology, 3rd series, xxxvi-xxxvii (1973-
4), 17-31.
8 PSAS, xcix, (1966-7), 93-9.
9 TDGAS, xlii (1965), 51-60.
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lanarkshire-1978/03_040 |
INTRODUCTION : THE BRONZE AGE
has not been recorded elsewhere, and without excavation it is impossible to be certain of their
function, but they may have acted as bedding slots for a hurdle fence. Finds from such
Scottish sites do not normally include distinctive or readily datable artifacts, but radiocarbon
determinations from excavated examples ¹ show that they belong to the later phases of the
Early Bronze Age.
Mention may be made here of two other monuments, the small circular ditched enclosures
at Bizzyberry Hill (No. 270) and Windy Gate (No. 326), each of which has a causeway across
the ditch on the south. At Windy Gate the ditch is accompanied by an outer bank, but at
Bizzyberry Hill ploughing has destroyed any possible traces of a similar feature. Closes parallels
are difficult to find in Scotland, but several enclosures in Sutherland ² and Inverness-shire, ³
and the earliest phase of the Moncreiffe stone circle, Perthshire, ⁴ are superficially similar. The
interiors are level and there is no indication that a mound ever existed. The combination of
bank and internal ditch is characteristic of henges, but the diameters of these enclosures are
considerably smaller than those of most henges, and it is possible that they are funerary monu-
ments. If so, they could take their place in the disparate family of Early Bronze Age burial-
sites that includes ring-cairns, ring-barrows, disc-barrows, enclosed cremation cemeteries
and the so-called hengiform monuments, such as Fargo Plantation, Wiltshire, ⁵ and Alnham
No. 3, Northumberland. ⁶
GROUPS OF SMALL CAIRNS
Clusters of small cairns are a distinctive feature of the archaeology of many parts of Highland
Britain. The study of such cairns has been one of the most interesting features of the field
survey of Lanarkshire, and it has been possible to take further the pioneer work done in the
1950s by A Graham. ⁷ The term 'cairnfield' has often been employed for these concentrations,
but for the purposes of this Inventory it has been thought preferable to adopt the description
'groups of small cairns' in order to avoid any functional implication. The origin of these
cairns has been a matter for debate, ⁸ the point at issue being whether they were constructed
for funerary purposes or are simply the result of field clearance. In support of the latter
explanation, low stony banks, which may delimit arable plots, occur in proximity to the cairns
in certain parts of Scotland, but these features are almost entirely absent in Lanarkshire and
the Border counties.
The number of cairns in the groups under discussion range from less than a dozen to
nearly six hundred. Whereas the majority of them measure between 2.4 m and 3.8 m in
diameter, at many sites, such as Horse Law (No. 64), they can vary from 1.2 m to as much as
9.1 m in diameter and from less than 0.2 m to 1.2 m in height, and in areas of peat formation
the true sizes of the cairns may be larger than is apparent. The largest surviving concentrations
are to be found in the valleys of the Medwin Water and of its principal tributaries (Fig. 3).
1 Ibid., 52; PSAS, xcix (1966-7), 98.
2 OS Record Card NH 69 SW 36.
3 OS Record Cards NH 83 NW 1 and NH 85 NW 1.
4 DES (1974), 86-7.
5 Wiltshire Archaeological and Natural History Magazine, xlviii
(1939), 357-70.
6 Archeologia Aeliana, 4th series, xliv (1966), 37, 40-2.
7 PSAS, xc (1956-7), 7-23.
8 Ibid.; TDGAS, xliv (1967), 99-116; Archaeologia Aeliana,
4th series, xlvi (1968), 46-50; Agricultural History Review,
xix (1971), 1-24; PPS, xxxix (1973), 339-44.
-- 8 |
lanarkshire-1978/03_041 |
INTRODUCTION : THE BRONZE AGE
Smaller groups include those in Pettinain parish (Nos.14, 23 and 106), and in Upper Clydes-
dale, near Elvanfoot (Nos. 3, 15, 32 and 56). Unfortunately, they are all extremely vulnerable
to ploughing and stone-robbing and evidence that the distribution was originally more exten-
sive is furnished by early sources, which record the wholesale destruction of small cairns at
sites such as Lupus (No. 81) and Wester Yardhouses-Hare Law (No. 113). Occasional stony
banks occur, as at Horse Law (No. 64, 6), Easton-Medwin Water (No. 46, 1) and Wester
[Map inserted]
Fig 3. Distribution map of groups of small cairns etc. in the Carnwath-Dunsyre area
Yardhouses-Hare Law (No. 113, 1), and a low scarp at Windy Gate (No. 118, 2), but it is
not considered that any of these features need be contemporary with the cairns. If the stones
were indeed the result of field clearance, in some cases the building of a cairn does not seem
to have been the most convenient method of disposal; marshy patches and river banks immedi-
ately adjacent to Nos. 46, 64 and 118 would have proved more suitable dumping-places by
obviating the need for encroachment on arable ground. In some instances a few small cairns
are found lying close to unenclosed platform settlements (e.g. Nos. 189, 193 and 199), with
-- 9 |
lanarkshire-1978/03_042 |
INTRODUCTION : THE BRONZE AGE
which they may be contemporary, but the cairn groups under discussion do not occur in
association with any known settlement sites.
Whereas the majority of the cairns are small in size, nevertheless a quarter of them measure
between 4.0 m and 9.5 m in diameter and would, if found in isolation elsewhere, be unhesi-
tatingly regarded as sepulchral monuments. The little that is known of the structure of the
cairns is not helpful: the presence of large boulders around the perimeter (e.g. No. 64, 7, A;
No. 113, 7, E and F) is not a diagnostic feature, and the numerous reports of the occurrence, in
Lanarkshire and elsewhere, of charcoal or other traces of burning on the old ground surface
(e.g. No. 113, 4) could equally be the result of funerary rites or of agricultural clearance. The
fact that many of the cairns contain a large proportion of earth (e.g. No. 74), and the presence
of what appear to be equally small barrows amongst them, argue against agricultural clearance
being the reason for their construction. Moreover, the small-scale excavations at Wester
Yardhouses-Hare Law (Nos. 113, 7, B and C) showed that, while the cairns were simply heaps
of stones containing no artifacts, analyses of the soil produced the high levels of phosphorus
indicative of the former presence of a burial. More positive evidence that the small cairns were
intended for funerary purposes is provided by the cists found within them at Wester Yard-
houses-Hare Law (No. 113, 3 and 7, D); another cist, of dry-stone walling, has been reported
at Horse Law (No. 64, 7). At Lupus (No. 81) a cannel coal 'pulley-ring', a type usually associ-
ated with Beaker pottery, was found when a number of small cairns were destroyed in the 19th
century.
In addition, it is perhaps significant that other structures of a ritual or funerary nature
sometimes occur within the clusters of small cairns: these include the two long cairns (Nos. 1
and 2), a ditched enclosure (No. 326) and a cairn with a concentric bank (No. 46, 3). The
tendency for small cairns to occur close to a large one has long been recognised ¹ (e.g. Nos.
46, 67 and 113), and the large stone cairns (No. 114) on the opposite bank of the Westruther
Burn from the principal series at Horse Law are strikingly similar to those already recorded
on North Muir Hill in Peeblesshire ² in close proximity to groups of small cairns. ³ (Fig. 3). In
Dumfriesshire, enclosed cremation cemeteries have been identified in the midst of broadly
similar groups of cairns, and the circular structures at Wester Yardhouses-Hare Law (No.
113, 8; Fig. 23, G) and Fall Kneesend (No. 56) may be funerary enclosures of this type, as,
conceivably, may be other small enclosures at Horse Law (No. 64, 7; Fig. 18, L and M) and
Windy Gate (No. 118, 2).
Taking all the evidence into account, including the radiocarbon date of about 3000 BC
from Chatton Sandyford, Northumberland, ⁴ a date within the Neolithic period seems likely
for the initial phase of these groups of small cairns in Lanarkshire. Quite apart from their
numbers, there is some reason for believing that the construction of such small cairns may have
continued for a considerable period of time; the excavation of a number of similar cairns at
Alnham, Northumberland, revealed that one covered a cremation and an area of burning
which were associated with a bronze pin dated to the 2nd century BC, ⁵ but no evidence for
such a late date has so far been found in Scotland.
1 Greenwell, W, British Barrows (1877), 419-21.
2 Inventory of Peeblesshire, i, Nos. 47-8.
3 Ibid., No. 70.
4 Archaeologia Aeliana, 4th series, xlvi (1968), 40.
5 Archaeologia Aeliana, 4th series, xliv (1966), 23-3.
-- 10 |
lanarkshire-1978/03_112 |
No. 172 -- STANDING STONES -- No. 180
depth, with a fine whitish sand, among which the urn
was standing in an inverted position. Upon removing
the urn, something of a soft slimy nature was found
upon the sand, which, probably, might be the ashes of
human bones. ¹ This appears to have been a small
cinerary urn cemetery, with each burial deposit pro-
tected by a setting of stones (cf. No. 143). If this monu-
ment, whose affinities are discussed in the Introduction
(p. 4), is indeed a Late Neolithic or Early Bronze Age
ritual enclosure, it is likely that the burials did not in
fact antedate the construction of the bank but were
subsequently inserted into it.
Immediately outside the bank on the WNW there is
a small sub-circular enclosure of uncertain purpose
(950405). It measures about 40 m in diameter within a
stony bank averaging 8.5 m in thickness and up to 0.7 m
high; this bank also has been severely robbed. A gap
on the SE may represent an original entrance.
NS 94 SE -- September 1976
STANDING STONES
172 Standing Stone, Blackhill, Lesmahagow (Site).
There is now no trace of the standing stone 'fully six
feet (1.83 m) high' recorded at a point some 220 m N
of the farm of Blackhill; ² it was apparently removed
before 1954. ³
829442 -- NS 84 SW -- June 1971
173 Standing Stone, Braidwood (Site). The standing
stone recorded on the second edition of the OS map
near the N end of Selkirk Street, Braidwood, ⁴ has since
been removed.
843479 -- NS 84 NW -- June 1971
174 Standing Stone, Cairney Mount, Carluke (Site).
A standing stone situated at Cairney Mount, Carluke,
was destroyed in the early 19th century. ⁵ Nothing further
is known about its location though the name Standing-
stone Well to the SW of Cairney Mount may record its
approximate position.
c. 852505 -- NS 85 SE -- June 1971
175 Standing Stone, Clarkston (Site). There is now
no trace of the standing stone that formerly existed on the
farm of Clarkston. ⁶
c. 8342 -- NS 84 SW -- June 1971
176 Standing Stone, Crookedstane, Elvanfoot. This
stone (Pl. 8c) stands in the middle of a level field 160 m
N of Crookedstane farmhouse. Measuring 1.2 m by
0.6 m at the base, with the long axis aligned NE and
SW, it now leans towards the NW at an angle of 45º
from the horizontal, so that its pointed top stands only
1.4 m above ground-level, although the visible part of
the stone extends to 1.8 m in length; there is evidence ⁷
that the tilting of the stone is not a recent occurrence.
Its surface is covered with natural cup-shaped hollows
caused by weathering.
965153 -- NS 91 NE -- June 1971
177 Standing Stone, 'Crooked Stone', Crooked-
stone. This stone is situated in a field 220 m N of
Crookedstone on a site that commands extensive views
to E and NE. Although formerly leaning at a consider-
able angle, it was set upright in the early 19th century ⁸
and now leans only slightly to the NW. It measures
1.8 m in height, has a girth of 1.4 m at the base, and
rises with straight sides to a rounded top (Pl. 8B).
723500 -- NS 75 SW -- August 1974
178 Standing Stone, Hallhill (Site). There was for-
merly a standing stone on the farm of Hallhill, at a
point about 180 m NW of No. l72, but it had already
been removed to the side of the field by the late 19th
century. ⁹ What may have been the same stone was seen
in 1966 by officers of the Ordnance Survey, who re-
ported that it measured 1.4 m by 0.7 m and 0.3 m in
thickness; ¹° this stone had disappeared by 1974.
827443 -- NS 84 SW -- August 1974
179 Standing Stone, Shawton (Site). No trace now
survives of the stone, 1.4 m in height, that once stood
in a field beside the public road about 120 m NE of
Shawton farmhouse. ¹¹
681490 -- NS 64 NE -- September 1973
180 Standing Stone, Standingstone Hill (Site).
There is now no trace of the standing stone that formerly
stood on the summit of Standingstone Hill (369 m OD). ¹²
759351 -- NS 73 NE -- September 1971
1 Stat. Acct., xii (1794), 39-40; ibid. (reissue), vii (1973),
552-3.
2 TGAS, new series, iii (1895-7), 502; shown on the OS
6-inch map, 2nd edition (1898), sheet xxv SW.
3 OS Record Card NS 84 SW 4.
4 OS 6-inch map, 2nd edition (1898), sheet xxv NW.
5 NSA, vi (Lanark), 581.
6 TGAS, new series, iii (1895-7), 502-3.
7 Wilson, J A, A Contribution to the History of Lanarkshire, ii
(1937), 258.
8 NSA, vi (Lanark), 271.
9 TGAS, new series, iii (1895-7), 502.
10 OS Record Card NS 84 SW 6.
11 Name Book, No. 26, p. 22.
12 Name Book, No. 45, p. 72.
-- 80 |
lanarkshire-1978/03_118 |
[Drawing inserted]
Fig. 36. Unenclosed platform settlement, Normangill Rig (No. 199, 3)
-- 85 |
lanarkshire-1978/03_119 |
No. 201 -- HOMESTEADS AND SETTLEMENTS -- No. 205
201 Unenclosed Platform Settlement, Reed Gill.
About 200 m W of the confluence of the Reed gill and
the Camps Water, and at a height of 300 m OD, there
are three platforms, each measuring 13 m in width.
987226 -- NS 92 SE -- September 1976
202 Unenclosed Platform Settlement, Whelphill.
Spread over a distance of about 600 m westwards from
Whelphill farmhouse, there is a settlement consisting of
at least eleven platforms which are situtated at a height
of about 300 m OD. The platforms are here described
as they occur from W to E.
Four of them, measuring 19m, 15 m, 13 m and 12 m
in width respectively, lie between the E edge of an area
of improved pasture and an unnamed tributary of the
Midlock Water. Almost immediately E of the tributary
there are two more platforms, one above the other,
which measure 15 m and 18 m in width. A single plat-
form, 17 m wide, lies about 150 m farther E. Lastly,
immediately WNW of Whelphill there are at least four
platforms disposed in line obliquely across the contours;
they measure 19 m, 20 m, 17.5 m and 17 m in width
respectively.
This settlement, together with Nos. 198 and 199
farther to the W, forms a complex of platforms which
extends for a distance of 3 km along the N side of the
valley of the Midlock Water.
985205-991206 -- NS 92 SE -- September 1976
HOMESTEADS AND
SETTLEMENTS
203 Settlement, Berries Burn. This settlement (Fig.
37) occupies the end of a small promontory which pro-
jects from the lower SE slopes of Castle Hill, being
flanked on the E by the Berries Burn and on the W by a
wide marshy hollow. Lying only 85 m NE of the fort
No. 214, it consists of an incomplete enclosure which is
bounded by a curvilinear bank and ditch and measures
43 m internally from N to S. The bank measures about
4.6 m in average thickness and stands to a maximum
height of 1 m above the bottom of the shallow ditch.
There is no suggestion that the bank and ditch were
ever constructed on the E side, although it is possible
that the settlement was originally enclosed by a palisade,
which was in the course of being replaced by an earth-
work when the occupation of the site came to an end; ¹
no surface indications of such a palisade can, however,
be seen.
The interior contains traces of a single ring-ditch
house measuring about 12.8 m in diameter over all.
952220 -- NS 92 SE -- February 1975
[Drawing inserted]
Fig. 37. Settlement, Berries Burn (No. 203)
204 Homestead and Enclosure, Cairney (Sites).
Considerable deposits of overburden stripped from
adjacent quarry-workings now conceal the remains of
the homestead and associated enclosure that once
occupied the crest of a low rocky spur near the summit of
Cairney, 200 m SSE of the cairn No. 26. It is recorded ²
that the homestead was oval on plan and measured 52 m
from NE to SW by 41 m transversely within a low
earthen bank. In the middle of the N half of the interior
there were traces of a stance fro a round timber house
12 m in diameter, which was enclosed by a grass-grown
bank 1.3 m wide and 0.3 m high; the house was entered
from the SSE.
Immediately to the SW of the homestead there was
a sub-rectangular enclosure measuring 28 m by 26 m,
also within a slight earthen bank. Its purpose and
relationship to the homestead are not known.
852663 (Homestead) -- NS 86 NE -- August 1969
852662 (Enclosure)
205 Settlement, Cold Chapel. This settlement (Pl. 9A)
is situated 430 m NNE of Cold Chapel farmhouse, and at
a height of 250 m OD, on gently sloping ground near
the foot of the W slopes of White Hill. Oval on plan
(Fig. 38), it is bounded by what has been a massive
bank of earth and stones which encloses an area measur-
ing 78 m by 69 m; there is no trace of a ditch. Although
considerably denuded, the bank still stands to a maximum
height of 3.7 m externally and 2.1 m internally. The
three gaps in the bank all appear to be original entrances.
The interior, the level of which falls 9.1 m from E to
W, bears clear indications of later cultivation, especially
in the lower (W) half, but in the higher (E) half at least
nine crescentic house-platforms can be distinguished.
937251 -- NS 92 NW -- August 1975
1 As, for example, at Hayhope Knowe, Roxburghshire
(PSAS, lxxxiii (1948-9), 45-67).
2 OS Record Card NS 86 NE 2.
-- 86 |
lanarkshire-1978/03_141 |
No. 241 -- CRANNOGS -- No. 242
[Drawing inserted]
Fig. 66. Fort, West Whitecastle (No. 240)
all other traces of the outer rampart and has even
encroached upon the NE sector of the inner rampart.
The latter sector has been further obscured by planta-
tion bank and an associated small turf enclosure. What
seems to have been the only entrance is situated in the
WSW arc of the inner rampart. The interior of the fort,
which is crossed by a post-and-wire fence, shows no
signs of structures.
011415 -- NT 04 SW -- November 1976
CRANNOGS
241 Crannog, Green Knowe (Site). The position of
this crannog can just be distinguished as a slight swelling
in the surface of the marshy ground 650m NE of Coulter
Shaw, between Cow Castle (No. 226) and Shaw Hill.
It is described in the New Statistical Account ¹ as an oval
mound measuring about 120 feet by 90 feet (36.6 m by
27.4 m) and standing to a height of 2 feet to 3 feet (0.6 m
to 0.9 m) above the surrounding moss. The mound,
which had by this time been severely denuded by quarry-
ing, was composed of stones consolidated by upright
timbers; a causeway linked the crannog to firmer
ground.
042335 -- NT 03 SW -- July 1970
242 Crannog, Hyndford. The remains of this crannog
are situated among trees 130m NNW of Hyndford.
Formerly an artificial islet near the margin of a small
loch, it now appears as a low, roughly circular mound
measuring about 23 m across and surrounded by a dry,
ditch-like hollow, 0.8 m in average depth, which varies
in width from 4.0 m on the N to as much as 12.0 m on
the SW. The following description is largely based on
the published report of excavations carried out on the
site in 1898. ²
The crannog was founded on a platform composed of
a layer of brushwood laid directly on the bed of the loch
and covered by a layer of fine clay, which formed the
floor of a circular house measuring about 10.4 m in
diameter within a wall constructed on a framework of
upright wooden posts. The posts were disposed some-
what irregularly in what appeared to have been two, or
possibly three, closely-set concentric rings, about 15 m
in diameter over all, with their stumps projecting up to
0.6 m above the clay floor, and with their bases firmly
lodged in the brushwood layer beneath. Although their
primary function was to provide the outer framework
for the house, they would also have served to consolidate
the substructure. It should be noted that the limits
of the excavation extended only a short distance outside
the outer ring of posts, leaving a strip, between 3.0 m
and 4.5 m wide, round the perimeter, which could not
be fully investigated because of flooding.
Within the central area enclosed by the posts there
were at least three hearths, each consisting of a roughly
circular area of paving about 0.6 m in diameter, sur-
rounded by ashes. To counteract the gradual subsidence
of the underlying brushwood foundation, the levels of
both the floor and the hearths had been periodically
raised, and one of the hearths had been rebuilt on two
occasions.
A large quantity of ashes, charcoal and animal bones
was discovered throughout the layer of mixed debris,
up to 0.9 m deep, that had accumulated over the floor.
A particularly heavy concentration of rubbish, situated
partly within and partly outside the circle of piles on the
SE, probably represented the principal kitchen-midden.
In addition, however, to this organic material the site
yielded a large assemblage of relics remarkable alike
for their variety as for their quantity. The collection, which
is in the National Museum of Antiquities of Scotland,
comprises mainly objects of metal, glass, pottery and
stone. The metal objects include a torc (Pl. 5F) con-
sisting of bronze beads strung on a thin iron rod;
1 NSA, vi (Lanark), 346; PSAS, vi (1864-6), 160-1.
2 PSAS, xxxiii (1898-9), 373-87.
-- 108 |
lanarkshire-1978/03_152 |
No. 249 -- ROMAN MONUMENTS -- No. 250
that of the labour camps associated with the E sector of
the Wall. ¹
581717 (Fort) NS 57 SE October 1975
580718 (Bridge)
586722 (Temporary Camp)
249 Roman Watch-tower, Beattock Summit (Site).
Inspection of air photographs taken by the RAF (541/
A/530, 3137-8) revealed the presence of a circular
ditched enclosure approximately 380 m E of Beattock
Summit and 27 m NE of the Roman road from Carlisle
to the Forth (No. 263), which at this point runs along
the foot of the steep SW face of Nap Hill. The work was
partially excavated by one of the Commission's officers
in 1966 ² and shown to be a Roman watch-tower (Fig. 72)
similar to those found on Gask Ridge, ³ but it has
now been almost totally destroyed by afforestation.
The ditch, which enclosed an area about 7 m in
diameter and measured 1.5 m in average width by not
more than 0.3 m in depth, had presumably served for
drainage rather than defence; it had been interrupted
for an entrance approximately 1.5 m wide on the SW,
the side facing the road, and there were traces of a low
stony bank bordering its outer lip on the E and NW.
Surprisingly, the ground enclosed sloped comparatively
steeply from NE to SW, and it had therefore been neces-
sary to cut back into the hillside in order to secure a
more level stance for the tower. The latter, a timber
structure raised upon a framework of four uprights, each
about 0.2 m thick and square in cross-section, was
centrally placed and was designed to be 3.2 m square
over all but it had been slightly distorted in the process
of laying it out; its basement floor consisted of a light
pitching of stones.
Although no datable relics were found during the
excavation, it seems probable that the tower, which
exhibited only one period of occupation and had been
deliberately dismantled on abandonment, was associated
with the Antonine fortlet of Redshaw Burn (No. 259),
situated two and a half Roman miles (3.7 km) distant
along the Roman road to the SE. Its position, barely
30 m above the valley floor, affords scarcely any outlook
to NE and SW, and the main function of the tower must
have been to keep watch and ward along the road
leading to the fortlet from the NW. In dimensions and
plan it bears a close resemblance to the watch-tower of
White Type, Dumfriesshire, ⁴ lying a similar distance to
the SE of Redshaw Burn (see Introduction, p. 37).
999153 NS 91 NE November 1972
250 Roman Fort, Bothwellhaugh. The Roman fort
of Bothwellhaugh (Fig. 73) occupies a strong defensive
position on the right bank of the River Clyde immediately
NE of its confluence with the South Calder Water,
overlooking the now wholly inundated haughs to the
E of Bothwell village from which the site takes its name.
Its existence was first recorded at the end of the 18th
century, ⁵ at which time cultivation was just beginning
to encroach upon the remains. In the course of the next
century, however, the site was so heavily damaged by
agriculture and afforestation that it was only redis-
covered shortly before the Second World War, and
identified as Roman by excavation. The examination,
carried out by J M Davidson in 1938-9, ⁶ was restricted
to the defences of the fort on the NW, SW and SE sides,
the rampart and ditches on the remaining side being
located by the Commission in 1967-8. ⁷ An external
bath-house, subsequently discovered by the Com-
mission's officers to the NW of the fort during the
construction of a roadway for the newly created Strath-
clyde Park, was excavated in 1975, ⁸ and, at the time of
writing is threatened with inundation. The following
account and the accompanying plan are thus based upon
three excavation reports. ⁹
The fort is situated at the W end of a broad level
promontory, protected on the NW and SW by an abrupt
fall in 16 m to the banks of the South Calder Water and
the River Clyde respectively. Between the fort and the
equally steep NE flank of the promontory there is an
extensive area of flat ground, which was probably tra-
versed by the Roman road No. 264. The easiest access
was by way of the comparatively narrow neck of the
promontory on the E. The site is at present obscured
by a dense growth of scrub, and only the SE and NE
ramparts can still be clearly seen above ground, the for-
mer appearing as a grassy bank standing 1.5 m in
maximum height and spread in places to a thickness of
more than 15 m, the latter, 1.1 m in average height,
being partly masked by a modern track and a field-
boundary that cut obliquely across it.
Excavation showed that the fort was trapezoidal on
plan; its dimensions over the rampart were approximately
152 m by 131 m and it occupied an area of 1.65 ha (4.1
acres). The main defence had been a clay rampart
measuring from 7.2 m to 8.1 m in thickness, the inner
and outer face of which were originally supported by a
stone base. There was evidence to show that at some
time the rampart front, at least on the NE, had been
repaired; to the S of the NE gate the original outer face
had been cut away and replaced with a turf cheek, while
to the N the turf had been applied as an additional
revetment which increased the rampart thickness beside
1 PSAS, lxxxix (1955-6), 329-36.
2 Britannia, vii (1976), 33-8.
3 PSAS, xxxv (1900-1), 25-35.
4 South-western Scotland, 24.
5 Stat. Acct., iii (1793), 458; ibid. (reissue), vii (1973), 243.
6 South-western Scotland, 172-87.
7 Britannia, vi (1975), 20-35.
8 Current Archaeology, v (1975-6), 154-6; the Commissioners
are indebted to the excavator, Mr L J F Keppie, for assist-
ance in preparing this report.
9 Certain discrepancies which can be detected between
Davidson's account and his published plan (South-western
Scotland, pl. lxii) suggest that the latter was intended rather
as a sketch: in particular the N angle appears to be displaced
about 10 m to the NW. The plan and measurements given
here thus represent an attempt to correlate the visible
surface traces and the results of the 1938-9 and 1967-8
excavations.
[Page] 119 |
lanarkshire-1978/03_154 |
No. 251 ROMAN MONUMENTS No. 251
the gate by as much as 1.8m [metres] but which diminished in
width towards the N [North] angle. It is possible that the curious
stepped appearance of the rampart foundation on the
SW [South West], which was thought to be a structural device to
provide a firm base for the rampart on the crest of the
escarpment, may also have resulted from a secondary
repair. The ditches were varied in number and dimensions:
two were considered necessary on the more vulnerable
NE [North East] and SE [South East], but apparently only one of each of the re-
maining sides; at Roman ground-level the ditches
measured from 5.2m [metres] to 1.5m [metres] in width and from 1.2m [metres]
to 0.6m [metres] in depth, the deepest and widest being found
on the SE [South East] front. The positions of all the entrances
except that on the SW [South West] have been approximately deter-
mined be excavation, but none has been examined in
detail. Nevertheless, it seems likely that the NE [North East] gate
was twin-portalled and that the entrance-passage, which
measured approximately 6m [metres] in width, was flanked on
each side by a timber tower incorporating a guard-
chamber in its ground floor. Little is known about the
street plan or the internal buildings, save that some
structures at least were of timber and exhibited two
structural phases. Further secondary work was observed
on the SE [South East] side of the fort, where an oven built against the
inner rampart-face had subsequently been demolished
and incorporated in a ramp, probably an ascensus, which
contained fragments of brick and tile from a hypocausted
structure. The external bath-house, which lay close to
the left bank of the South Calder Water 95m [metres] NW [North West] of the
fort, displayed two structural phases and was of simple
plan. In its ruins there was discovered a fragment of a
building record bearing the letters COH (cohors).
The identity of the garrison is unknown, but consider-
ation of the size of the fort suggests that it may have
been a cohors quingenaria equitata. All the relics recovered
from the site are of Antonine date.
731578 NS 75 NW November 1973 |
lanarkshire-1978/03_177 |
No. 266 -- MISCELLANEOUS EARTHWORKS AND ENCLOSURES -- No. 270
for much of its course by modern roads and railways,
sufficient evidence has survived to indicate the approxi-
mate alignment. For a distance of about 1.5 km NE of
Elvanfoot the road appears to have kept close to the left
bank of the river as it makes a great bend to the E, but
some 400 m NNE of Rowantree Pool (958187), where
the river flats become more extensive, it inclines to the
N, pursuing a more direct course across the lower SE
slopes of Ellershie Hill. Before the Glasgow-Carlisle
road (A 74) was converted into a dual carriageway in
1963, the Roman causeway could be seen to converge
gradually with it, the point of junction being about 450 m
SSW of Stoneyburn farmhouse.
No further traces have been recognized, but if Roy
is correct in his assertion ¹ that the road was aiming at a
crossing of the River Clyde near Crawford Castle, its
course beyond this point cannot have lain far from that
of the main street of Crawford village, which runs in a
straight line to the NNW for more than 1.3 km and
passes within 60 m of the temporary camps at Bellfield
(cf. No. 255). About 400 m S of Crawford Castle the old
line of the village street is crossed by the main railway
line from Glasgow to Carlisle, and the truncated portion
of road to the N, here bearing the name of Watling
Street, inclines further to the NW to take advantage of
a convenient spur which leads down to the bank of the
River Clyde. Hereabouts, some distance to the SW of
the fort No. 255, the Roman road was presumably
carried across the river by a bridge, but the precise
location of the crossing is still unknown. On the far
bank, probably to the NE of the fort, the road will have
rejoined the main trunk route from Annandale (No.
263).
916059- -- NS 90 NW, NS 91 SW, NS 91 SE, -- Various
954214 -- NS 91 NE, NS 92 SE -- dates 1969-71
266 Supposed Roman Road, Roberton to Castle-
dykes. It has been suggested ² that a Roman branch-road
left the main Crawford-Inveresk road (No. 263) in the
vicinity of Roberton and ran thence NW to the fort at
Castledykes (No. 252). The remains cited in evidence
have been examined by the Commission's officers, and
adjudged to be simply parts of the medieval and later
road-system connecting Upper Clydesdale with Lanark
by way of Tinto and Hyndford Bridge. ³
943287- -- NS 92 NW, NS 93 SW, -- July 1969
926376 -- NS 93 NW, NS 94 SW
MISCELLANEOUS
EARTHWORKS AND
ENCLOSURES
267 Enclosure, Airbles (Site). It is recorded ⁴ that
until the 18th century a ditch enclosed an oblong area
of about 0.1 ha (0.25 acres) on the edge of the steep
slope above the River Clyde. When the ditch was cleared
out no finds were made except for some clinker, but to
mark the site the existing dwelling called 'The Summer
House', was built and the area landscaped.
A mineral railway and tip now cover part of the over-
grown and derelict area outside the garden of The
Summer House, which lies immediately W of the railway
viaduct and cutting on the N bank of the River Clyde.
Excavations into a putative bank and ditch running
parallel to the SE side of the garden revealed no indi-
cation of an artificial origin. ⁵
748557 -- NS 75 NW -- March 1975
268 Earthwork, Bank Farm, Dolphinton (Site). No
visible traces remain of the earthwork that was formerly
situated 1.6 km SW of Dolphinton village at Bank
Farm; partly destroyed by the construction of the
Edinburgh-Biggar road, it was obliterated when Bank
Farm was built. ⁶ From this site may have come the small
bronze figure of a bull (Pl. 5H) and the 'trumpet' brooch,
now missing, that were donated to the National Museum
of Antiquities of Scotland in 1882. ⁷
094453 -- NT 04 NE -- July 1969
269 Enclosures, Biggar (Sites). At the SE corner of
an arable field immediately N of the Biggar-Broughton
road, and opposite the house called 'Murrayfield',
the presence of two adjacent ditched enclosures is
disclosed by crop-marks on an air photograph (CUCAP
no. DN 27). The larger enclosure is sub-circular,
measuring about 36 m in diameter over the ditch, while
the smaller is square in shape, measuring about 12 m
across. Near its SW angle, the ditch of the larger en-
closure appears to merge with that forming the E side
of the smaller. There is no indication of an entrance
through either ditch.
049378 -- NT 03 NW -- July 1969
270 Enclosure, Bizzyberry Hill. In the saddle 150 m
E of the fort No. 215 there is an enclosure which
measures about 12 m over all and consists of a central
area, about 6.2 m in diameter, surrounded by a ditch up
to 2.9 m wide and 0.4 m deep. The ditch is interrupted
on the ESE by a causeway 1.7 m wide. Ploughing has
removed the outer lip of the ditch for a short stretch on
the S. The possibility that this enclosure was made for
ritual purposes is discussed in the Introduction, p. 8.
049393 -- NT 03 NW -- February 1975
1 Military Antiquities, 105.
2 TDGAS, 3rd series, xxxi (1952-3), 30-4.
3 The route, shown on Roy's Military Survey (sheet 6/4),
appears to be that followed by Pococke in 1760 (Pococke,
Tours, 43-4).
4 Stat. Acct., iii (1792), 456; ibid. (reissue), vii (1973), 241.
5 South-western Scotland, 77-8
6 Name Book, No. 22, p. 18.
7 PSAS, lxvi (1931-2), 380; Irving and Murray, Upper
Ward, i, pl. ix, 2.
-- 144 |
lanarkshire-1978/03_178 |
No. 271 -- MISCELLANEOUS EARTHWORKS AND ENCLOSURES -- No. 275
271 Earthwork, Blairlinn (Site). The crop-mark of
an unrecorded earthwork lying 490 m WNW of Luggie
Bridge is visible on RAF air photographs taken in
August 1947 (82/RAF/1236, F21, 0187-8). The site,
formerly in arable land but now buried by part of the
Blairlinn Industrial Area, occupies the NW tip of a
stretch of level ground bounded on the N and W by the
river cliff of the Luggie Water. The angle of land thus
formed above the river has been cut off by a ditch
approximately 80 m long and 5 m wide, the area enclosed
being roughly triangular in shape and measuring 75 m
from SW to NE by 60 m transversely.
758729 -- NS 77 SE -- September 1974
272 Earthwork, Boghall. On low-lying ground about
1 km S of Biggar there is an earthwork measuring about
76 m in internal diameter, which has been bisected by
the public road from Biggar to Hartree. The portion
of the earthwork that lies W of the road (Fig. 87) has
been severely reduced by cultivation, but some slight
remains survive of double banks and a medial ditch. On
the N, where they are best preserved, both banks are
spread to a thickness of 10.7 m; the inner bank stands
to a height of only 0.2 m internally and 1.2 m above the
bottom of the ditch, while the outer bank rises to 0.5 m
above the ditch and 0.8 m above the level of the ground
outside. The portion of the earthwork that lies E of the
road has been almost completely obliterated, but can
be seen as shadow-marks on RAF air photographs
(543/RAF/2042, F21, 0136-7). There is no indication
of an entrance.
038365 -- NT 03 NW -- April 1972
273 Enclosure, Bogton (Site). This enclosure, whose
presence is disclosed by a crop-mark on an air photo-
graph (CUCAP no. E 47), is situated on the NE end
of a low ridge 325 m SSW of Bogton farmhouse. It
appears to be roughly circular on plan and measures
about 30 m in diameter within a single ditch. The
position of the entrance is uncertain.
620730 -- NS 67 SW -- November 1975
274 Earthwork, Brownsbank 1 (Site). An oval
earthwork, measuring approximately 45 m by 30 m
within double ditches, is revealed by crop-marks on air
photographs taken by the Cambridge University Com-
mittee for Aerial Photography and by the Commission
(CUCAP no. JU 70; NMRS nos. LA 1484-5) on low
ground at the foot of an arable field 230 m SE of Browns-
bank farmhouse. The ditches are about 26 m apart, and
each is at least 2 m in width. No remains are visible on
the ground.
080420 -- NT 04 SE -- August 1975
275 Enclosure, Brownsbank 2. A wasted enclosure,
first detected from shadow-marks on RAF air photo-
graphs (543/RAF/2042, F22, 0126-7), is situated on a
[Drawing inserted]
Fig. 87. Earthwork, Boghall (No. 272)
shoulder of arable ground which projects from the lower
W slopes of Broomy Law 780 m NNW of Brownsbank
farmhouse.
Roughly sub-rectangular on plan, it measures approxi-
mately 12 m from NE to SW by 7.5 m transversely
within a single bank 4 m in thickness, which now stands
only 0.2 m above the level of the interior. The bank is
accompanied by intermittent traces of an external ditch
which, when sectioned by one of the Commission's
officers, proved to be flat-bottomed, measuring 1.9 m
wide and 0.6 m deep, with vertical sides; it was separated
from the bank by a berm 1.5 m wide. A curious feature
was the presence in the bottom of post-holes which had
held upright timbers set against both vertical faces of
-- 145 |
lanarkshire-1978/03_179 |
No. 276 -- MISCELLANEOUS EARTHWORKS AND ENCLOSURES -- No. 279
the ditch. Two small fragments of coarse hand-made
pottery which were recovered from topsoil in the course
of excavation, while not closely datable, bear a marked
resemblance to certain Iron Age wares of the Tyne-Forth
Province.
073428 -- NT 04 SE -- October 1975
276 Earthwork, Burghmuir (Site). Crop-markings on
air photographs (CUCAP nos. A 12, E 18, AZI 15) dis-
close a sub-rectangular earthwork (Pl. 14A) situated in
an arable field 250 m SE of Burghmuir farmhouse.
Nothing can be seen on the surface of the ground, which
slopes down towards the lane leading from Biggar to
Biggar Moss, but the photographs indicate what has
probably been a bank and external ditch enclosing an
area measuring about 75 m by 60 m, with a wide gap
in the centre of the NW side and another at the E corner.
Covering the whole of the NW side there has been an
annexe bounded by a ditch and with a gap in line with
that of the main enclosure.
051381 -- NT 03 NE -- November 1975
277 Enclosures, Burnfoot (Sites). Two adjacent
ditched enclosures (Pl. 14B), situated on a terrace on the
E bank of the River Clyde a little to the N of Burnfoot,
are revealed by crop-marks on air photographs (CUCAP
nos. BVB 103 and BVK 83). The more northerly is
approximately circular, measuring about 90 m in dia-
meter within two broad and widely spaced ditches. It
may have been entered on the E side where there are two
possible breaks in the line of the ditches, or through a
much larger gap on the W. A polygonal enclosure
formed by a single ditch, which can be seen immediately
to the S, is somewhat larger; it is probably later in date
as it appears to cut across the ditches of the other
enclosure.
991405 -- NS 94 SE -- August 1976
278 Enclosure, Busby Glen. Inside the public park
on the E lip of the gorge of the White Cart Water, at
a point where the river bends slightly to the NW, a low
bank, 4.8 m in thickness and 0.5 m in height, cuts off
a roughly triangular area measuring 18 m from N to S
by 21 m transversely (Fig. 88). The site has been
[Drawing inserted]
Fig. 88. Enclosure, Busby Glen (No. 278)
disturbed by the planting and removal of trees and by
the insertion of a concrete foundation, but three large
boulders lying close together on the N side may represent
part of a revetment for the bank. The entrance lies in the
extreme NW, alongside the cliff edge.
579567 -- NS 55 NE -- March 1975
279 Earthwork, Cadzow. This earthwork is situated
275 m SSW of the ruins of Cadzow Castle on a pro-
montory overlooking steep natural slopes that fall as
much as 23 m to the Avon Water on the E and to an
unnamed tributary on the N. Roughly D-shaped on plan
(Fig. 89), measuring about 48 m internally along the
chord by a maximum of 40 m transversely, the earthwork
appears to have consisted of two banks and a medial
ditch; but a field boundary and a track of comparatively
[Drawing inserted]
Fig. 89. Earthwork, Cadzow (No. 279)
recent date have severely damaged the earlier structures,
and any bank that may originally have existed on the
inner edge of the ditch has been completely levelled.
The ditch and outer bank are best preserved on the SW
where they run across the neck of the promontory, the
ditch measuring 2.4 m in depth and up to 9 m in width
and the bank standing up to 2.1 m in height. Elsewhere,
however, the ditch is virtually the only feature that
survives, and there is no indication that either the banks
or the ditch ever continued along the N side. The
entrance probably lay somewhere within the wide gap
on the WNW.
734534 -- NS 75 SW -- May 1975
-- 146 |
lanarkshire-1978/03_180 |
No. 280 -- MISCELLANEOUS EARTHWORKS AND ENCLOSURES -- No. 284
280 Earthwork, Cairncockle. This earthwork is
situated at the S end of a broad ridge about 600 m E
of Overwood, on the W side of the M 74 motorway.
The greater part of the site has been destroyed by the
construction of the motorway, and only a segment of
the W side, including the entrance, now survives. In
1959, before the motorway was built, the work was
described and planned by officers of the Ordnance
Survey. ¹ Circular in shape, it measured about 29 m in
diameter within a single ditch and slight counterscarp
bank. The surviving segment of the ditch measures
about 9 m in width and about 0.3 m in depth and is
crossed by an entrance-causeway, some 8 m in width,
on the NW side.
779456 -- NS 74 NE -- August 1974
281 Earthwork, Camp Knowe, Calderside (Site).
The rounded natural knoll known as Camp Knowe,
situated to the NE of the farm of Calderside, was
formerly enclosed, at least in part, by a ditch, ² but this
has been completely filled in by ploughing.
665547 -- NS 65 SE -- August 1974
282 Enclosure, Candybank 1. On a slight knoll at
the edge of an arable field 850 m SSW of Candybank
farm there is a circular enclosure (Fig. 90) measuring
about 22 m in diameter within a single bank composed
of earth and stones, Although the site faces rising ground
to the N, it is protected on the SW by a steep scarp
[Drawing inserted]
Fig. 90. Enclosure, Candybank 1 (No. 282)
dropping some 15 m to an unnamed tributary of the
Candy Burn. An old field-bank and a modern fence
bounding the SW side of the field roughly bisect the
site, and the portion of the bank that lies within the field
has been all but levelled by cultivation. To the SW of
the fence, however, the bank has an average thickness
of 5 m at the base and a maximum height of 0.6 m. A
single earthfast stone on the SW suggests the presence
of an outer revetment. There is no indication of an
entrance but it presumably lay somewhere in the E arc.
Traces of rig-and-furrow cultivation are visible to the
W of the enclosure, between the fence and the scarp.
064407 -- NT 04 SE -- February 1975
283 Enclosure, Candybank 2 (Site). Air photographs
(CUCAP nos. ATM 10-11) reveal the crop-mark of a
ditched enclosure (Pl. 15B) situated on level ground on
the W flank of Castle Hill, Candybank, within 350 m of
the fort No. 222. Sub-rectangular in shape, the enclosure
measures about 110 m by 90 m over what appears to
have been a substantial ditch. There is no indication
of an entrance and no remains are visible on the ground.
061411 -- NT 04 SE -- February 1975
284 Earthwork, Castlehill Strip, Newton. On the
summit of a broad ridge projecting NW from Dungavel
Hill, 800 m WNW of Newton farmhouse, there is an
earthwork (Fig. 91) which measures about 61 m in
[Drawing inserted]
Fig. 91. Earthwork, Castlehill Strip, Newton. (No. 284)
diameter within double banks and a medial ditch. The
inner bank has been largely destroyed to build a planta-
tion-bank approximately on the same line. The outer
1 OS Record Card NS 74 NE 10.
2 NSA, vi (Lanark), 321.
-- 147 |
lanarkshire-1978/03_181 |
No. 285 -- MISCELLANEOUS EARTHWORKS AND ENCLOSURES -- No. 288
bank has been levelled by cultivation on the SW, but
elsewhere it stands 1-2 m above the bottom of the ditch
and 0.6 m above the level of the ground outside. There
are two entrances, the one on the E measuring 4.6 m
wide, and the other, on the SW, 2.7 m wide.
929318 -- NS 93 SW -- July 1975
285 Earthwork, Castle Hill, Symington. In a planta-
tion on the summit of Castle Hill, |
lanarkshire-1978/03_196 |
GLOSSARY
Accessory Vessel. A type of small pottery vessel (e.g. Pl. 3A) commonly found with Cinerary Urns (q.v.).
Agger. The cambered mound of a Roman road.
Ala. A regiment of Roman auxiliary cavalry, with a numerical strength of 500 (quingenaria) or 1000 (milliaria)
(Latin).
Ansate. Used to describe a Roman inscribed panel which has wedge-shaped extensions on either side. Similar
panels with crescentic extensions are termed peltate.
As. A low denomination Roman bronze coin (Latin).
Ascensus. A ramp or flight of steps giving access to a wall-head (Latin).
Ballista. In Roman artillery, a catapult used to fire heavy bolts or stone balls (Latin).
Beaker. A type of pottery vessel used in the late 3rd and early 2nd millennia BC, varying in form, but usually
highly decorated and often found with inhumation burials (e.g. Pl. 1A-C).
Biconical Urn. A type of Cinerary Urn (q.v.), shaped like two truncated cones set base to base.
Bivallate. In fortification, having two lines of defence.
Bracer. In archery, a wrist-guard.
Capricorn. A mythical beast, half goat, half fish.
Castor ware. A type of Roman pottery decorated with a coloured slip and often with scenes in relief, made from the
2nd century onwards near Castor (Northants).
Centuria. A subdivision of a cohort (see Cohors), with a numerical strength of about eighty (Latin).
Cinerary Urn. A generic term for several types of large pottery vessels used as containers for cremated burials in
the 2nd millennium BC (e.g. Pl. 4B).
Clavicula. A curved internal or external extension of the rampart and/or ditch, denying direct entry to the gateway
of a Roman fort or temporary camp (Latin).
Cohors. A unit of Roman troops constituting (i) approximately the tenth part of a legion, or (ii) an auxiliary infantry
regiment 500 strong (quingenaria, hence quingenary) or 1000 strong (milliaria, hence milliary), sometimes with
a mounted contingent (equitata, hence equitate) (Latin).
Corbel. A block of stone or timber projecting from a wall to support a superincumbent weight.
Counterscarp, see Scarp.
Enlarged Food Vessel. A type of Cinerary Urn (q.v.) resembling a Food Vessel (q.v.) in form and decoration, but
much taller, having an average height of about 0.35 m (e.g. Pl. 4A).
Equitate (equitata), see Cohors.
Food Vessel. A type of thick-walled decorated pottery vessel, rarely exceeding 0.15 m in height, used in the 2nd
millennium BC (e.g. Pl. 2C).
Halberd. A small pointed bronze blade fixed transversely to its shaft.
Intervallum. The space between the rampart and the internal buildings of a Roman fort, usually occupied by the
intervallum road (Latin).
Lilia. A staggered series of defensive pits designed to impede access to a Roman fortification (Latin).
Lock-ring. A small penannular gold ornament, probably worn in the hair during the late 2nd and early 1st millennia
BC.
Lynchets. Cultivation scarps and terraces on hillsides, the positive element comprising the accumulation of plough
soil from uphill, the negative element being cut away by the plough and moved downhill.
Microlith. A very small implement of flint, chert, etc.
Milliary (milliaria) see Cohors.
Mortarium. A Roman mixing-bowl (Latin).
Motte. The mound of a Norman castle.
Multivallate. In fortification, having three or more lines of defence.
-- 163 |
lanarkshire-1978/03_197 |
GLOSSARY
Numerus. An irregular unit of the Roman army, probably smaller than a cohort but larger than a century, composed
of troops levied in a frontier area for service elsewhere (Latin).
Oppidum. An Iron Age fort, the exceptional size and commanding position of which suggests that it may have been
a tribal centre (Latin).
Patera. A Roman bronze saucepan (Latin).
Peltate, see Ansate.
Porta decumana, porta praetoria, porta principalis dextra, porta principalis sinistra. Respectively, the gates situated
at the rear, front, right-hand side and left-hand side of a Roman fort or temporary camp, viewed from the
headquarters building (Latin).
Praesidium. A Roman fortified post (Latin).
Praetentura. The part of the interior of a Roman fort that lies in front of the via principalis (q.v.) (Latin).
Praetorium. The residence of the officer commanding a Roman fort (Latin).
Principia. The headquarters building of a Roman fort (Latin).
Pulley-ring. A small grooved ring with lateral perforations, probably a belt fastener, commonly made of jet or
bone, and usually found in association with Beaker pottery.
Quingenary (quingenaria), see Cohors.
Retentura. The part of the interior of a Roman fort or temporary camp that lies behind the buildings of the central
range (Latin).
Ring-ditch house. A circular timber-framed house, having an internal or external ditch which may be visible on the
surface before excavation.
Ring-groove house. A circular timber-framed house, the posts of which stood in a continuous bedding-trench; owing
to subsequent settlement of the filling, the trench is sometimes visible before excavation as a shallow groove
on the surface of the ground.
Sacellum. The regimental chapel in the headquarters building of a Roman fort (Latin).
Samian. Pottery of superior quality, usually glossy red in colour, imported into Britain in the Roman period.
Scarp. Of a ditch, the inner slope as opposed to the counterscarp, or outer slope.
Sole-plate. A rebated horizontal piece of wood that acts as a foundation for a vertical post.
Terret. In horse harness, a ring through which the reins are passed.
Titulum. A short stretch of bank and ditch sited in front of the entrance to a Roman fort or temporary camp as a
protection against direct assault (Latin).
Torc. An ornament of twisted metal, usually penannular, worn around the neck.
Vexillation. A body of Roman soldiers on detachment from their parent unit.
Via Principalis. In a Roman fort or temporary camp, the main lateral road that passes in front of the headquarters
building (Latin).
Voussoir. One of a series of wedge-shaped stones used to form an arch.
-- 164 |
lanarkshire-1978/03_206 |
THE PLATES |
lanarkshire-1978/03_207 |
[Photographs inserted]
A BEAKER (scale 1 : 2),
LIMEFIELD (77, 1)
B BEAKER (scale 1 : 2),
LIMEFIELD (77, 1)
C BEAKER (scale 1 : 2),
LANARK MOOR (152, 1)
D ARCHER'S BRACER (scale 1 : 2),
CRAWFORD (p. 13)
E FLINT DAGGER (scale 1 : 2),
GLENOCHAR,
CRAWFORD MOOR (58)
-- PLATE 1 |
lanarkshire-1978/03_208 |
[Photographs inserted]
A FOOD VESSEL (scale 1 : 2), NEWTON, CAMBUSLANG (126, 4)
B FOOD VESSEL (scale 1 : 2), KNOCKEN (151)
C FOOD VESSEL (scale 1 : 2), PATRICKHOLM (155, 1)
D FOOD VESSEL (scale 1 : 2), TEATHS (164)
-- PLATE 2 |
lanarkshire-1978/03_209 |
[Photographs inserted]
A ACCESSORY VESSEL (scale 1 : 2),
SHERIFFLATTS (158)
B ACCESSORY VESSEL (scale 1 : 2),
COLD CHAPEL (31, 4)
C FOOD VESSEL (scale 1 : 2),
KYLEPARK, UDDINGSTON (165, 2)
D FOOD VESSEL (scale 1 : 2),
PATRICKHOLM (155,4)
-- PLATE 3 |
lanarkshire-1978/03_210 |
[Photographs inserted]
A ENLARGED FOOD VESSEL (scale 1 : 4),
FERNIEGAIR (143, 5)
B CINERARY URN (scale 1 : 4),
FERNIEGAIR, (143, 3)
C GOLD RIBBON TORC (scale 1 : 2),
COULTER (p. 16)
D GOLD 'LOCK-RING' (scale 1 : 1),
BOGHALL (p. 16)
-- PLATE 4 |
lanarkshire-1978/03_211 |
[Photographs inserted]
A BRONZE AXE
(scale 1 : 2),
KERSEWELL (p. 21)
B BRONZE AXE (scale 1 : 2),
HOLYTOWN (p. 22)
C BRONZE SWORD (scale 1 : 4),
COWGILL (p. 16)
D BRONZE SPEARHEAD (scale 1 : 2),
DOUGLAS (p. 14)
E SMALL FINDS,
CAIRNGRYFFE HILL (220)
F BRONZE TORC (scale 1 : 2), HYNDFORD (242)
G BRONZE HORSE (scale 1 : 1), BIRKWOOD (p. 30)
H BRONZE BULL (scale 1 : 1), BANK FARM (268)
-- PLATE 5 |
lanarkshire-1978/03_212 |
[Photographs inserted ]
A CAIRNS, HORSE LAW (64, 7), from N
B CAIRN, KERSEWELL MAINS (67, 1), from SW
C CAIRN, TINTO (107), from E
-- PLATE 6 |
lanarkshire-1978/03_213 |
[Photographs inserted ]
A BARROW,
LANARK RACE COURSE (73)
B DECORATED SLAB (scale 1 : 15),
WESTER YARDHOUSES (113, 3)
-- PLATE 7 |
lanarkshire-1978/03_214 |
[Photographs inserted]
A HENGE, WESTON (170)
B STANDING STONE, CROOKEDSTONE (177), from W
C STANDING STONE, CROOKEDSTANE, ELVANFOOT (176), from E
-- PLATE 8 |
lanarkshire-1978/03_215 |
[Photographs inserted]
A SETTLEMENT,
COLD CHAPEL (205)
B HOMESTEAD,
GRANGEHALL (207)
-- PLATE 9 |
lanarkshire-1978/03_216 |
[Photographs inserted]
A FORT, ARBORY HILL (213)
B FORT, QUOTHQUAN LAW (236)
-- PLATE 10 |
lanarkshire-1978/03_217 |
[Photographs inserted]
FORT, FALLBURN (231);
A aerial view
B view of ramparts on W from N
-- Plate 11 |
lanarkshire-1978/03_218 |
[Photographs inserted]
BALMUILDY (248);
A Roman temporary camp
B inscribed stone (scale 1 : 8)
-- PLATE 12 |
lanarkshire-1978/03_219 |
[Photographs inserted]
ANTONINE WALL FORTLETS;
A GLASGOW BRIDGE (257)
B WILDERNESS PLANTATION (261)
-- PLATE 13 |
lanarkshire-1978/03_220 |
[Photographs inserted]
A EARTHWORK,
BURGHMUIR
(276)
B ENCLOSURES,
BURNFOOT
(277)
-- PLATE 14 |
lanarkshire-1978/03_221 |
Photographs inserted]
A EARTHWORK,
CRAIGIE BURN
(291)
B ENCLOSURE,
CANDYBANK 2
(283)
-- PLATE 15 |
lanarkshire-1978/03_222 |
[Photographs inserted]
A ENCLOSURE,
DRAFFAN
(297, 1)
B EARTHWORK,
HARDINGTON HOUSE
(300)
-- PLATE 16 |
lanarkshire-1978/03_223 |
[Photograph inserted]
ENCLOSURES, HILLEND (303)
-- PLATE 17 |
lanarkshire-1978/03_224 |
[Map inserted]
Map showing positions of monuments in the Clyde valley near Covington, Pettinain and Libberton;
the numbers of crop-mark sites are underlined
-- PLATE 18 |
lanarkshire-1978/03_225 |
[Map Inserted]
Map showing positions of monuments in the Clyde valley near Lamington and Roberton;
the numbers of crop-mark sites are underlined
-- Plate 19 |
lanarkshire-1978/03_226 |
[Photographs inserted]
A EARTHWORK,
LONGWELL 1 (308)
B EARTHWORK,
LONGWELL 2 (309)
-- PLATE 20 |
lanarkshire-1978/03_227 |
[Photograph inserted]
ENCLOSURE, PARK KNOWE (314), W arc of inner bank from NW
-- PLATE 21 |
lanarkshire-1978/03_228 |
[Photographs inserted]
A EARTHWORK,
WEST LINDSAYLANDS
(323)
B EARTHWORK,
WOODEND
(327)
C EARTHWORK,
WYNDALES FARM
(329)
-- PLATE 22 |
lanarkshire-1978/03_229 |
[Photographs inserted]
A EARTHWORK,
HEATHERYHALL (301)
B EARTHWORKS, LONGWELL
1 and 2 (308, 309),
showing additional
details (cf. Pl. 20A)
-- ADDENDA -- PLATE 23 |
lanarkshire-1978/03_230 |
[Photographs inserted]
A EARTHWORK,
WESTSIDE (324)
B HENGE (POSSIBLE),
EASTER CADDER (333)
-- PLATE 24 |
lanarkshire-1978/03_231 |
[Photographs inserted]
A ROMAN FORTLET and part of adjacent
TEMPORARY CAMP, LAMINGTON (335)
B ROMAN FORT, MOLLINS (336)
-- PLATE 25 |
lanarkshire-1978/03_232 |
[Photograph inserted]
ENCLOSURE, HILL OF CHRYSTON (346)
-- PLATE 26 |
lanarkshire-1978/03_233 |
[Blank page] |
lanarkshire-1978/03_234 |
From Reviews of Recent
Inventory Volumes
ARGYLL 1 : KINTYRE (1 vol., 1971)
'The book is superbly produced in the
now familiar format and the study is
completed by a collection of
magnificent photographs illustrating
every aspect of the prehistory and
history of the region. It, like its
predecessors, is a volume of
international interest of which
British archaeology can justly be
proud.'
THE JOURNAL OF THE BRITISH
ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION
ARGYLL 2 : LORN (1 vol., 1974)
'The Royal Commission and its staff
are to be warmly congratulated on the
publication of this distinguished
volume. Not, surely, since General
Wade built his roads has any official
body travelled the Highlands to such
good purpose.'
THE SCOTTISH HISTORICAL REVIEW
ISBN 0 11 491478 8 |
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