medieval-atlas/introductory/30

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Territorial extent of Scotland By 1098 the territorial extent of Scotland was limited to the mainland: the Western Isles and the Northern Isles had become part of the Scandinavian dominions; but the earldom of Caithness came under the Scottish crown. The attempts of the Scottish crown to extend their dominion over northern England did not endure -especially after the accession of the energetic Henry IT. In 1237 the Scottish claims to the northern English counties were abandoned. The Scottish kings did retain lands and honours in England. By about 1250 or even earlier Arran and Bute had come under the control of the king of Scots. In 1266, after the battle of Largs (1263), the king of Norway ceded the Western Isles -including Man -to Scotland. Man was retained by Scotland between 1266 and about 1290, restored to Scotland in 1293 until 1296, and between 1315 and 1333; therafter it remained in English hands. Berwick was taken and sacked by Edward rin 1296; it was held by Scotland intermittently until 1482 and was thereafter lost to Scotland; but in 1551, it was made independent of both England and Scotland. For a few years (1315-1318), the Scots under Edward Bruce campaigned in Ireland, but no permanent conquest was achieved. In 1468-69 the rights of the king of Norway in Orkney and Shetland were given to the Scottish crown as a pledge for the unpaid dowry of the wife oflames Ill; and i 1472, the earldo of Orkney and the lordship of She IRELAND Scottish lands in 1098 \ land were annexed to the Scottish crown. The borders contained areas which had been disputed between Scotland and England. In the south-west, there was an area, probably between the river Sark and river Esk, which came to be referred to as the "debateable land". The dispute was resolved in 1551 by assigning the parish ofCanonbie to Scotland and the parish of Kirkandrews to England. Other lesser areas of dispute on the Borders' -from the river Tweed at Redden Bum, at Garnel's Path Walls and near Liddesdale -persisted but they became of little significance after the Union of the Crowns in 1603. The changes in sovereignty resulted in changes in ecclesiastical organisation. Overseas, the Scots began a plantation of Nova Scotia. The lordship of Canada was not followed up by occupation; and the settlement at Darien did not last long. After 1707, imperial expansion took place ~ (j under the Union flag. ""D pt ::PJ~~ Orkney Isles :::' cl . : .. , . , to Scotland ~. 1468-1469 '. . )]': Berwick upon Tweed to England 1296, to Scotland 1318-33, 1355-56,1461-82, thereafter to England "'--~ ENGLAND Acquisitions 1266 \ Acquisitions 1468-69 kms Man I 0 25 5,0 75 100 Lands lost (viz, ManBerwick, parish of I i i i to Scotland , Kirkandrews (in Eng and). 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 \ 1266-c1296, 1315-1333 milesC Canonbie '" _ -" to England 1333 K Kirkandrews POBM Territorial extent of Scotland from 1098 30

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