medieval-atlas/regional-and-local/452

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The Borders from the thirteenth to the sixteenth centuries ling. Magnatial strongpoints included Dunbar (earl of Dun bar), der region of southern Scotland was seen thus in the mid-thirteenth Dirleton (Vaux of Scotland), Hennitage (Soules 1244 ?), Lochmaben century. Scotland south of the Clyde-Forth line, save for Gallo(Bruce), Caerlaverock (Maxwell I 244?), Buittle (Balliol) and way, was by medieval standards populous and prosperous. The kings Crawford (Lindsay). On the English side, Newcastle and Carlisle frequented the many royal castles, houses and hunting lodges in were fonnidable strongholds, but represented a frontier withthe area between the Forth and the Cheviot Hill s, in Clydesdale, drawn southward, especially in the east, to which the lesser casTweeddale, Teviotdale and Lothian. This reflected a more fertile tles of Warkworth and Bamburgh scarcely formed exceptions. soil and favourable climate than characterized the northernmost The Bishop of Durham maintained a first-rate fortress at Norham, counties of England, although the long Eden Valley and parts of a bowshot from Scottish soil, but other magnatial castles, e.g. the lower Tyne had much productive land. The biggest contrast Wark on Tweed (Ros), Harbottle (Umfraville), Mitford (Bertram) between the Scottish and English border regions in the two or Morpeth (Merlay then Greystoke), Brampton (Vaux of England) three generations before the flfst war of independence lay in and Liddel Strength (Thrgis of Brundis), were of less consethe fact that the counties south of the frontier formed a remote and quence and only the fine Umfraville castle at Prudhoe, south of little-known part of the kingdom of England, whereas the sheriffdoms Tyne, could compare with Norham or the royal strongholds. Wark to the north constituted the Scottish realm's very heartland. on Tyne belonged to the king of Scots. It is doubtful if what later became thought of as the Bor f orlh f irlh 0\ VAUX • Oirleton DUNBAR 40unbar . !:::!gQQi.oglQIJ ~ QUINCY .....~erwick upon Tweed • Carstairs • Lauder J;.. Berwick Bridge Peebles . .~Norham, .---Blrgham .: P DURHAM Biggar Caddonlea __ • B . ~nh• • n -,"",-Wark """ • Roxbur9lJ.Reddep on Tweed Traguair . Burn .... Selkirk ... Crawford Alnwick • -~9lJ • k"'''''' Redeswir;.( ..::x • • Moltat .l'"'" UMFRAVILLE ~. • Harbol1le Hermitag~eadwater SOULES Lidde~~ COMYN BRUCE .~~{s;;'o. • EISdO~ltfOrd Morp~lh .. ' ~~FF;';' ... Bothal • Lochmaben ..' ;;;::: aIlY __ \ MAXWELL : ..... 'VAUX _w~.Wark on Tyne Annan 21'-;; ~~-" BALLIOL r------........---'l•. Clochmabenst8J1e. WA:;orbndge Bywell Brampton i'/-" ~.u •••• • Newcastle upon Tyne t • v€ Hexham P dh V Carhsle ~'2.t' ru oe P~. ~~~ ~Durham

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