medieval-atlas/economic-development/283

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Scottish trade in the seventeenth century Imports from England came overland by drove roads; in small, open boats over the Solway (which have not been reflected here in the returns for Dumfries); and by coasters, which made up 13% of all foreign arrivals. 78% of the sea-borne imports went to the Forth. Most -over 60% by value -came from London, and the bulk of the rest from east-coast ports from Newcastle southwards. English imports resembled Dutch in variety and nature: almost a half were manufactured goods, especially textiles, despite heavy duties and outrights bans imposed on them. Other 84.2% Percentage of ships arriving in Scotland 1680 to 1686 500 Trade with Spain dated only from the later sixteenth century but imports -of both wine and salt -would increase sharply during the I 690s as a result of England's war with France. By the 1690s ships from Madeira and the Canaries came regularly to the Clyde. Imports from America -mostly either sugar from the West Indies or tobacco from Virginia and Maryland -came exclusively to the west coast and mostly to Glasgow, which by the I 680s saw six or seven cargoes a year. Some tobacco also came from entrepot ports like Bristol, Lisbon and Bilbao. 150 100 Total number of ships arriving in Scotland 1680 to 1686 Number of ships arriving in Scotland from England, Spain and ML America 1680 to 1686, by burgh 283

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