medieval-atlas/events-from-about-850-to-1460/102

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Robert 1(1306-29) From 1311 onwards, the majority of Bruce's military efforts took and more than twenty subsequent invasions took place before a fiplace on English soil. There are, of course, exceptions: the Irish nal peace was made in 1328. The area of greatest devastation was campaigns, which are treated separately; the campaign against Man the north, but as the maps show, the incursions covered a good deal in 1314 and again (under the Earl of Moray) in 1317; the defence of of England as far south as York. Almost annually, large amounts of Scotland, most notably in 1314; and ofcourse, the continued piecetribute were raised in return for promises of local truce, and rumeal reduction of English-held castles in southern Scotland. mours spread that Bruce intended to annexe the northern Nonetheless, the fact remains that the bulk of the later camcounties.This may have been the case, but it seems more likely that paigns by or on behalf of Robert I were offensive, on English soil. his primary aim was to pressurise the English king to negoti~te recThe king led an army across the border for the first time in 1311, ognition of Bruce's royal status, and an end to the war. The timing of the raids, often immediately before or after negotiations for truce or peace, adds weight to this interpretation. The eastern routes into England were erwick upon Tweed most frequently used, but the western march was Norham ..... also subject to regular incursion. The most far .)I ~. reaching raids tended to enter England by the Wark On Tweet Stanhope eastern march, and return westwards. The maps are an attempt to represent 'typical' routes, the campaigns being too frequent and the evidence Alnwick. too patchy to allow for individual raids to be accurately shown. Not all of the excursions, of course, went so far south and some were merely ( quick raiding parties. Nonetheless, the serious I effects of Bruce's latter campaigns on the po • Mitford / litical stability of England should not be underestimated. WEAR DALE • Darlington • Northallerton .Syland Soroughbridge ·.Mytton Ripon Knaresborough .York • Robert I's later campaigns: eastern routes I Lanercost .Gilsland Corbridge • Newcastle • Haltwhistle Hexham __------~~Stanhope • Appleby kms 0 25, 50 ,, 75, , 100 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 miles Robert I's later campaigns: western routes NHR 102

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