medieval-atlas/events-from-about-850-to-1460/99

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Robert I (1306-29) Edward II conducted only four major campaigns in Scotland. In 1307, he attempted a brief campaign with the army gathered by his father Edward I before his death in July of that year. In 1310, he crossed the border with a large force, but only reached Linlithgow before retreating to winter at Berwick. Gaveston was sent north to Perth and Dundee, to try to bring Scotland north of the Forth under English sway. Further operations were carried out in the east march area through the winter and in the fIrst half of 1311. In 1314 his largest campaign ended in disaster at Bannockbum, and his last attempt, in 1322, almost ended in the same way when, forced to retreat because of starvation, the English forcer was followed south by the Scots and routed at Byland in Yorkshire. On other occasions Key ·1307 /\ ---September 1310 -August 1311 ------Gaveston, 1311 (e.g. autumn 1319) Edward II did enter Scotland, but only with these four campaigns did he penetrate further than the border area, or pose any real threat to Scottish security. The campaigns were limited in scope and effectiveness. Generally, restricted to areas in which the English still held strongholds, with easy communications southwards, none of the campaigns broke new ground. Their very limited number and lack of success is indicative of the inadequacy of the support for the English forces resident in Scotland for much of Edward II's reign. The inability of Edward II to exert pressure on the Scots from south of the border was undoubtedly a major factor in the success of Robert I in re-asserting Scottish independent. Dundee Carlisle Edward 11 in Scotland 1307, 1310 and 1311 Stirling (24 June 1314) \ ....~. Edward 11 in Scotland 1314 Edward 11 in Scotland 1322 NHR

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