medieval-atlas/events-from-about-850-to-1460/93

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The succession, diplomacy and war In the spring of 1296. Edward I sacked Berwick. defeated a Scottish army at Dunbar. and marched. virtually unopposed. as far as Elgin. On his way north. terms of surrender were dictated to the Scots at Brechin castle. and at Kincardine. Stracathro and MonlrOse. the royal authority of John Balliol was progressively dismantled in a series of humiliating submissions. The general rising of 1297 was inspired by a number of prominent men. but is forever associated with only one figure, William Wallace. Unlike the other Scottish leaders. Wallace did not capitulate at 1rvine in July, but went on towin the spectacular victory ofStirling Bridge. However. this was a pieceoftaclical opportunism. unlikely to be repeated. The Scottish massed-infantry schiltrom had many weaknesses when confronted by disciplined heavy cavalry supported by archers. as was demonstrated the next year at Falkirk, where the Scots sustained a serious defeat at the hands of a starving and near-mutinous army. For a variety of diplomatic and dome~tic reaM)ns, Edward was unable to follow up this success, and the $cot'\ recovered some ground; in particular. they regained the majorCaslle of Stirling. Edward's expedition of 1300 achieved little apart from the relief of Lochmaben, the capture ofCaerlaverock and the dispersal of a Scottish army at the Cree. A two-pronged auack in 1301 was ~".~~'""'"'"~.. "_..,, taken. However. the main English effon in the south-west was contained and did not reach Inverkip as planned. though it captured Tumberry. After wintering al Linlilhgow. Edward made anomer in his series of inlenninent truces with the Scots. It was clearly intended that the next invasion of 1303 should come to stay -Edward now had nothing to fear from the prospect of an active alliance of the Scots. the French and the Papacy. Though a probing force was defeated al Roslin.the main expedition penetrated to Kinloss before returning to winter al Dunfennline; the difficulties of suppl in a Jar ann in a hostile country. which had bedevilled earlier expeditions, had been circumvented by the use of shippi ng for this purpose. Edward was able 10 mount operations from his winlcrbaseagainst the Scottish stronghold of Ellrick Forest and one suc h raiding party defeated Wallace at o Happrew. In the spring. the anny moved to besiege Stirling. The general surrender of the Scottish leaders at Strathord. in February 1304. preceded the fall of the caMle. Wallace. now a 0 fugitive. engaged in at least one further skirmish near Bridge of Earn. but his capture on 3 August 1305 brought resistance to an end. 7 ~Igin(Se: August 1297)~r j·Kinl~ss) -_ )Banlf(Se:1297 Inverness (Se: about August 1297) /' ./ (V o Urquhart Castle (Se: 1297) p :/~~K;nca>"-'d;n. ~yth'O Brechin Montrose Stirling Bridge (1 1 September 1297) ,f. r Stirling (Se: late Dunfermline ~, ~OJuly (304) cX:falkirlc: (A:2J 1298) ~Qunbar(27 April 1296) Inverlc:ip~ ~ h Roslin (24 February 1303) Bothwell (1301) /Wick upon Tweed (sacked 30 March (296) 641peebles 1301) Happrew , (February Selkirk (1301} 1304( /, / \ ~ / Jlochmaben Caerlaverock (1300) Battle and skirmishes (with dates) o Castles with dates of capture (13Ot) by English (Se 1297) by Scots) CIU: Conjectural site • Other places mentioned in text 25 50 75 100 o "'" Border between Scotland and England I JDG 10 20 30 40 50 60 Events 1296 to 1305: rebellion and defeatO mileo

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