medieval-atlas/regional-and-local/450

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The Borders from the eleventh to the thirteenth centuries Tbe last independent King of Cumbria or Strathclyde, Owain (the David I ruled Cumbria north of Solway in the reign of his Bald) son ofDyfnwal (Donald), died about 1018. His kingdom came brother Alexander I (1107-24), restoring the ancient see of Glas under the control of Maicolm n, King of Scots, who set over it as gow and bringing in feudatories of continental origin (Bruce, ruler (probably not as king) his own son-in-law Duncan son of Morville, Stewart, Soules, etc.) who built the region's earliest cas Crinan. Duncan succeeded as King of Scots in 1034 and even after tles. In 1136 David, now king of Scots, recovered 'English' Cum his death six years later at the hands ofMacbeth, Cumbria remained bria as far as Stainmore Common (the Rere or Rey Cross), and for a under Scottish rule, or at least within the Scottish sphere of infludecade (1139-49) controlled the Honour of Lancaster as far south ence. Its political history for the next two centuries was largely a as the Ribble. In 1157, the situation reverted to what it had been matter of shifting boundaries and a tug-of-war between northern from 1092 to 1136, for Henry II overawed the young King Maicolm and southern influences. The northernmost portion, Lennox, IV and wrested control, permanently as it proved of Cumberiand, strongly Gaelic when it emerges into record in the earlier 13th cenWestrnoriand (and, for good measure, Northumberland) from the tury, had almost certainly been absorbed within Scotia, i.e. ScotScots, thus putting the Border back on the Solway-Tweed line. land north of Forth and Clyde, before 1000. In the south west, GalThe twelfth century saw a thoroughgoing absorption of northern or loway was effectively a distinct kingdom and culture. Orily to'Scottish' Cumbria into the kingdom of the Scots, while the north wards the east and south do the Cumbrians seem to have mainern English counties, despite William the Lion's strenuous attempt tained their frontiers till the late eleventh century, although what to recover them (1173-4), became steadily integrated within the shire emerges as Cumberland and Westmorland had received and been based English governmental system. The Treaty of York (1237) irreversibly affected by intensive Scandinavian settlement from the formally confirmed the Border essentially on the line which it was tenth century or earlier, while English-speaking settlers, pressing to keep until the present day, save that important adjustments were westward up Tweeddale and Teviotdale, had begun to spill over made between Esk and Sark on the west, while on the east, Scotland into the Annan and Clyde valleys by about 1100. William II Rufus, lost Berwick-upon-Tweed. King of England, cut Cumbria in two in 1092, driving out the Scot tish-backed lord, Dolfin, son of Cospatric and introducing southern English settlers to supply and support his new castle at Carlisle. Clach Nam Breatann o~ \ \ Loch S cot a Lomond " Lennox (earldom) ", Dumbarton. ~ (Alclud) " 0. Glasgow ---- Renfrew. 17e (see restored\. u ~ 1115) ~ " l!. C'iJ Rutherglen LothiaU\ Biggar Qi .~::i:,~h~q.rf1J_,~~ " Crosscryne Ayr Corsencon (royal castle ° ~ ) 1197; lV· burgh 1205) ( t h s Annandale , \ "" 1 • Lochmab~ \ ~,;,\.'O-~~~ v.

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